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Explain why phenol red is used in McConkey agar to detect the acid reaction of lactose fermentation.
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- What is solid state fermentation? What are its advantages over other fermentation systems such as submerged fermentation? Explain the production of rifamycin using SSF.In the Mannitol Salt Agar, why is there no observed growth of Escherichia coli?Aspergillus can be used to produce α-amylase (α-AM), which is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules into maltose (disaccharide). Pure α-AM has a specific activity of 56.00 U/mg. The α-AM is secreted into the culture media during production (after 5 days, production is complete). Following, the Aspergilluscells are separated by centrifugation and discarded. The culture supernatant (with α-AM) is filtered giving a clarified supernatant with a volume of 100.0 L, activity of 3.00 U/mL, and total protein concentration of 0.650 mg/mL. After purification, the product stream (7.50 L) contains α-AM (25.00 U/mL) and a total of 6.788 x 103 mg total protein. Calculate the following: Concentration of total protein (g/L) and total units of activity in the clarified supernatant and purification product stream. Specific activities (U/g) of the clarified supernatant and purification product stream. Consider significant figures in your answers (may want to use scientific…
- What specifically causes colonies of lactose fermenters to be pink-red on MacConkey agar?Menaquinones is produced by Flavobacterium meningosepticum via submerged fermentation with 60% working volume in 30-L fermentation. To obtain the crude menaquinones, the fermentation medium is centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The vacuum-freeze dried particles are crushed and collected. After that the samples are treated with methanol for 20 minutes. To remove polar lipid compounds from bacterial cells, HZ816 macroporous adsorption resin column is used with methanol-dichloromethane (l:1) as mobile phase and flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. Rotary evaporation at 500 C is carried out to concentrate the eluent. After that, the concentrated sample is purified with Bio-BeadsTM S-X3 to remove components without UV absorption. To obtain the homolog purified menaquinones, RP-C18 column is used. Recrystallization is carried out to obtain pure crystalized menaquinones. Answer the following: Indicate how to obtain the sample in the methanol solvent. Three different chromatography are used in…Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic Indole glycerol acid Indole Tryptoph phosphate trp-1 trp-2 trp-3 trp-4 trp-6 trp-7 trp-8 trp-9 trp-10 trp-11 - Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations. + 1 + 1 II
- The activity of the enzyme beta-galactosidase can be measured by X-gal in the growth media. Explain why X-gal turns blue when metabolized by beta-galactosidase.Discuss the uses of alpha-amylase, amyloglucosidase, debranching enzymes , proteases, beta-glucanase and pentosanase/xylanase in the mashing process during beer production.Please answer the following correctly: m) Tannins are produced by many woody plants and have antimicrobial properties that can interfere with fermentation in the production of biofuels. Are tannin extracts effective in inhibiting yeast fermentation?
- Sydney Brenner isolated Salmonella typhimurium mutants that were implicated in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and would not grow on minimal medium. When these bacterial mutants were tested on minimal medium to which one of four compounds (indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan) had been added, the growth responses shown in the following table were obtained. Mutant Minimal medium Anthranilic acid Indole glycerol phosphate Indole Tryptophan trp-1 − − − − + trp-2 − − + + + trp-3 − − − + + trp-4 − − + + + trp-6 − − − − + trp-7 − − − − + trp-8 − + − − + trp-9 − − − − + trp-10 − − − − + trp-11 − − − − + Give the order of indole glycerol phosphate, indole, anthranilic acid, and tryptophan in a biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tryptophan. Indicate which step in the pathway is affected by each of the mutations.Why does the fermentation process produce solutions of only 10 - 15% ethanol?Why is the batch bioreactor is suitable in milk fermentation?