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- The U.S. is an importer of ethanol, and let’s assume they are a price-taker in the world market. Suppose that a technological advance in ethanol production in Brazil, the world’s largest exporter, drives down the world price of ethanol by $5. Draw a graph and explain how this change in world price affects consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus in the U.S. market. Now suppose the U.S. government institutes an import tariff of $5 in response to the fall in the world price. On your graph label the revenue raised by the tariff and the deadweight loss created (if it exists). Who is likely to support this policy? Suppose that the fall in price is attributable not to a technological advance but to a subsidy from the Brazilian government to Brazilian ethanol producers. How would this affect your analysis?Which of the following best explains the concept of "Comparative Advantage" in international trade? a) A country should produce goods in which it has an absolute advantage and trade for those where it does not. b) A country should only export goods and import nothing to maintain a positive trade balance. c) A country should specialize in the production of goods for which it has the lowest opportunity cost compared to other countries. d) A country should diversify its production across various sectors to avoid dependence on a single export commodity.When China’s clothing industry expands, the increase in the world supply lowers the world price of clothing. Draw an appropriate diagram to analyze how this change in price affects consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus in a nation that imports clothing, such as the United States. Now, draw an appropriate diagram to show how this change in price affects consumer surplus, producer surplus, and total surplus in a nation that exports clothing, such as the Dominican Republic. Compare your answers (a) and (b). what are the similarities, and what are the differences? Which country should be concerned about the expansion of the Chinese textile industry? Which country should be applauding it? Explain.
- Consider the Colombian market for soybeans. The following graph shows the domestic demand and domestic supply curves for soybeans in Colombia. Suppose Colombia's government currently does not allow international trade in soybeans. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the equilibrium price of a ton of soybeans and the equilibrium quantity of soybeans in Colombia in the absence of international trade. Then, use the green triangle (triangle symbol) to shade the area representing consumer surplus in equilibrium. Finally, use the purple triangle (diamond symbol) to shade the area representing producer surplus in equilibrium. Based on the previous graph, total surplus in the absence of international trade is . The following graph shows the same domestic demand and supply curves for soybeans in Colombia. Suppose that the Colombian government changes its international trade policy to allow free trade in soybeans. The horizontal black line (PWPW) represents the world…If Guatemala is open to international trade in oranges without any restrictions, it will import Suppose the Guatemalan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 120 tons of oranges to help domestic producers. A tariff of S will achieve this. A tariff set at this level would raise S tons of oranges. in revenue for the Guatemalan government. per tonChina placed tariffs on the importation of US soybeans. Assume that the domestic market for soybeans in China is described by the following equations: Demand: P = 11.5 – Q Supply: P = 5.5 + Q Price is in 10 Yuan (¥) per bushel of soybeans and the units for Quantity are 100 million bushels per year. This is to make graphing simpler. This does NOT mean that the price is 10 and quantity is 100. Rather it means that if the price was 40¥ and the quantity was 7,500,000,000 bushels, this would plot as 4 and 7.5 respectively. The world price for soybeans is ¥65/bushel (this would graph as a horizontal line at 6.5). Graph the soybean market in China showing equilibrium both with no barriers to trade and with a ¥15/bushel tariff. Be sure to fully and clearly label the graph including: Domestic Demand curve (D), Domestic Supply curve (S), the World Price (WP), and the Price with tariffs (PT), along with the quantities imported both with and without the tariff. Based on your graph, what…
- The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for maize in Guatemala. The world price (Pr) of maize is $255 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of maize and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in maize. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. 435 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 415 305 375 355 X 335 315 295 275 Pu W 255 235 0 40 80 300 400 120 100 200 240 280 320 QUANTITY (Tons of maize) If Guatemala is open to international trade in maize without any restrictions, it will import. tons of maize. per ton will Suppose the Guatemalan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 80 tons of maize to help domestic producers. A tariff of S achieve this. A tariff set at this level would raise $ in revenue…The following graph shows the domestic demand for and supply of maize in Kenya. The world price (Pw) of maize is $260 per ton and is displayed as a horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that all countries under consideration are small, that is, the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of maize and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in maize. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. PRICE (Dollars per ton) 485 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 460 435 410 385 360 335 P 310 285 260 PW 235 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 QUANTITY (Tons of maize) (?) If Kenya is open to international trade in maize without any restrictions, it will import tons of maize. Suppose the Kenyan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 20 tons of maize to help domestic producers. A tariff of $ achieve this. A tariff…Kazakhstan is an apple producer, as well as an importer of apples. Suppose the following graph shows Kazakhstan's domestic market for apples, where Sx is the supply curve and Dx is the demand curve. The free trade world price of apples (Pw) is $200 per ton. Suppose Kazakhstan's government restricts imports of apples to 120,000 tons. The world price of apples is not affected by the quota. Analyze the effects of the quota on Kazakhstan's welfare. On the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to draw the Kazakhstan's supply curve including the quota SK+Q. (Hint: Draw this as a straight line even though this curve should be equivalent to the domestic supply curve below the world price.) Then use the grey line (star symbol) to indicate the new price of apples with a quota of 120,000 apples. PRICE (Dollars perton) 1000 900 800 700 000 500 400 300 200 -- 100 D 0 30 00 90 120 160 Sk 180 210 240 270 300 5x+Q -- Price with Quota Change in PS Quota Rents DWL
- The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for maize in Panama. The world price (Pw) of maize is $250 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of maize and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in maize. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. PRICE (Dollars per ton) 475 450 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 Domestic Demand 0 10 20 Domestic Supply 30 40 50 60 70 QUANTITY (Tans of maize) PW A tariff set at this level would raise $ 80 90 100 If Panama is open to international trade in maize without any restrictions, it will import Suppose the Panamanian government wants to reduce imports to exactly 20 tons of maize to help domestic producers. A tariff of $ achieve this. tons of maize. in revenue for the…When a country specializes in the production of a good, this means that it can produce this good at a lower opportunity cost than its trading partner. Because of this comparative advantage, both countries benefit when they specialize and trade with each other. The following graphs show the production possibilities frontiers (PPFS) for Maldonia and Lamponia. Both countries produce lemons and sugar, each initially (i.e., before specialization and trade) producing 24 million pounds of lemons and 12 million pounds of sugar, as indicated by the grey stars marked with the letter A. (? (?) Maldonia Lamponia 64 64 56 56 48 PPF 48 40 40 32 32 24 24 PPF 16 16 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 LEMONS (Millions of pounds) LEMONS (Millions of pounds) Maldonia has a comparative advantage in the production of production of while Lamponia has a comparative advantage in the . Suppose that Maldonia and Lamponia specialize in the production of the goods in which each has a comparative advantage.…4. Effects of a tariff on international trade The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for soybeans in Guatemala. The world price (Pw) of soybeans is $550 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of soybeans and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in soybeans. Also, assume that domestic suppliers will satisfy domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. 830 Domestic Demand Domestic Supply 795 760 725 O 690 655 620 585 Pw 550 515 480 30 60 06 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 QUANTITY (Tons of soybeans) PRICE (Dollars per ton)
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