Explain the concept that in high-performance muscle cells,mitochondria and contractile elements compete for space overscales of evolutionary time.
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Explain the concept that in high-performance muscle cells,
mitochondria and contractile elements compete for space over
scales of evolutionary time.
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- A study of muscle fibers between chimpanzees and humans revealed that although muscle mass per body size are approximately equivalent, the ratio of red (slow) and white (fast) fibers were significantly different. Chimps tend to have a ratio of 30% red to 70% white where humans are 60/40 respectively. Speculate about what this ratio difference means in terms of muscle activity potential and a possible evolutionary significance of this difference.Which of the following statements correctly describes properties associated with the development of skeletal muscle cells? Check all that apply A. Skeletal muscle cell are multi nucleated cells B. Skeletal muscle cells have the capacity for repair due to the actions of myosatellite cells C. Skeletal muscle cells develop via the process of mitosis D. Skeletal muscle develop from a single myoblast cell asap pleaseA mutation has occurred that prevents ATP from binding from the heads of myosin. What impact would this have (if any) on human muscle contraction? Select one: a. ATP has no impact on myosin binding. Myosin, unlike kinesins, works with GTP. b. Without ATP, myosin will be stuck to microfilaments, causing muscles to be “stuck” in whatever position they were last in. c. Without ATP, myosin will not be able to bind to microtubules and move vesicles or chromosomes around the cell resulting in cell death. d. Without ATP, myosin will be stuck to intermediate filaments “locking” organelles in place in the cell.
- You know from experience that skeletal muscle tires quite quickly, especially if there is not enough oxygen. Interestingly, shellfish such as clams can maintain a month-long contraction in the muscle that keeps the shell closed. No oxygen gets in this situation. These muscles have a different version of myosin called paramyosin. Knowing what you know about the cellular mechanism of muscle contraction, propose a hypothesis to explain how paramyosin might work.On the molecular level, why does lifting weights consume energy? A. To contract a muscle, acetylcholine binds and pulls calcium ions. ATP binding and hydrolysis are required in the cycle of acetylcholine and calcium-binding and unbinding. B. To contract a muscle, myosin and actin filaments shorten, requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis. O C. To contract a muscle, myosin binds and pulls actin, ATP binding and hydrolysis are required in the cycle of myosin and actin-binding and unbinding. D. To contract a muscle, acetylcholine and calcium filaments shorten, requiring ATP binding and hydrolysis.Describe the movement of myosin along an actin filament. Outline the primary molecular steps and explain how this process is used by cells. How many actin monomers within an actin filament would a myosin molecule need to ratchet in order to contract a cell by approximately 1 um? How fast could a non-muscle cell make this contraction compared to a muscle cell if the relative rates of myosin walks on F-actin are 4.5 um/sec and 0.04 um/sec for myosin II and I respectively?
- The sliding filament model depicts how myosin motors attached to actin lead to muscle contraction. This process proceeds in a precise series of events. Indicate which of the following shows the correct order of steps in the sliding filament model. Group of answer choices Myosin binds ATP; myosin tightly binds actin; power stroke; myosin releases actin Myosin binds GTP; myosin releases actin; power stroke; myosin tightly binds actin Actin binds ATP; power stroke; myosin tightly binds actin; actin releases ADP Actin binds ADP; myosin releases actin; power stroke; actin releases ADPWhere is ATP's energy used during crossbridge cycling? A. When ATP attaches to myosin and causes myosin to pull on actin ("pull" step) B. When ATP attaches to myosin and causes myosin to attach to actin ("grab" step) C. When ATP splits and pushes myosin back into the "cocked" position ("reset" step) D. When ATP attaches to actin and causes actin and myosin to separate ("release" step)What does human muscle contraction have in common with cellular movement in single-cell organisms?
- Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length 2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin 3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)noneMuscle contraction is the result of critical steps characterized by conformational changes to protein structures in the supramolecule. Which of the following conformational changes requires energy, i.e. ATP hydrolysis? A. Binding of calcium to tropomyosin changing its conformation and exposing a binding site in troponin B. Binding of myosin to troponin resulting in the power stroke and cross-bridge cycle of muscle contraction. C. Disruption in the binding of the myosin head to troponin preceding its release and relaxation back to its activated form. D. Binding of ATP to the myosin head bound to troponin.How is electrical excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber coupled to muscle contraction? Speculate onwhy the exact mechanism of this coupling has been difficult to determine.
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