Exercise 8.4.5: Composition and relation properties.For the following statements, provide a proof if the statement is true or give a counterexample if the statement is false. S and R are binary relations over the same domain. (b) If S is reflexive, then S∘S is reflexive. (c) If S and R are both anti-reflexive, then S∘R is anti-reflexive. (d) If S is anti-reflexive, then S∘S is anti-reflexive.

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Types of trees

A tree data structure is a non–linear structure that stores data hierarchically. It can be defined as a group of objects, called nodes. The nodes are linked with edges. Trees begin with a root node which leads to children nodes. The last children nodes (endpoints) are called leaf nodes, and they do not have children nodes.