Evolution Biologists define evolution as the change in the frequency of alleles (variations of a gene) in a population. Consider the following situation: Two colors of grasshoppers-brown and red-result from the two variations (alleles) of the color gene in this species. These grasshoppers live in two areas: an area with brown soil, and on an adjacent mountain with reddish soil. All the grasshoppers in both areas were accidentally killed by a fire. Ecologists re-introduced 1000 red and 1000 brown grasshoppers into each of the two soil areas. And, grasshoppers are a great food source for any bird that can catch them. 1. What do you think the ecologists discovered when they returned to the experimental sites five years later? 2. What factor controls the actual color of a grasshopper? 3. What determines the color frequency of grasshoppers in the two soil areas? 4. Is there only one direction of change during evolution? Explain your answer.
Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
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