Environment: Polluted Forest Typica Carbonaria Typica Carbonaria Total Phenotype Frequency 9 Moths Released P Allele Frequency q² 2pq p² 490 510 1000 Moths Genotype Frequency Typica Carbonaria Carbonaria Allele d D Color Light Dark Genotype dd Dd DD G1 186 367 553 Color Light Dark Dark G₂ 148 617 765 0.70 0.30 Initial Frequency 0.49 0.51 Moths Released 490 420 G3 114 Initial Allele Frequency 90 763 877 Initial Frequency 0.49 0.42 0.09 How to Calculate Phenotype Frequency. G4 77 974 1051 Frequency G5 0.03 0.97 G5 Allele Frequency 0.17 0.83 Frequency G5 0.03 G5 40 1331 1371 0.07 0.8 Number of Moths G5 41 96 1097

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Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.

Quantitative Genetics

Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.