Enumerate the following questions about proteins 1. Name at least 4 elements that made up proteins. 2. Give 3 functions of protein 3. Examples of denatured agents (3) of protein

Biochemistry
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Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
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Enumerate the following questions about proteins

1. Name at least 4 elements that made up proteins.
2. Give 3 functions of protein
3. Examples of denatured agents (3) of protein

### Overview of Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins are macromolecules composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. They are synthesized from long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. A peptide bond forms when two amino acids react, producing a molecule of water in a process known as a condensation reaction.

#### Formation and Function
- **Peptide Bond Formation:** When two amino acids join, a water molecule is lost, and a peptide bond is formed. This reaction, as illustrated below, is a condensation reaction.
- **Structural Variation:** The specific arrangement and shape of each protein molecule determine its function within an organism.
- **Diverse Roles:** Proteins serve various roles in the body, including acting as emulsifying agents to blend different substances. For instance, during the heating of coconut milk emulsion, proteins cause oil to separate from water.

#### Protein Denaturation
- **Denatured Proteins:** When heated, proteins can undergo denaturation, altering their structure and properties. For example, evaporated coconut milk leaves a solid residue of denatured protein.
- **Food Preservation:** Denaturation is also vital in food preservation techniques like pickling and salting, where vinegar and salts act as denaturing agents. Denaturing deactivates decay-causing microorganisms by altering their proteins.

### Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Enzymes are a special type of protein known as biological catalysts. They accelerate biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

#### How Enzymes Work
- **Mechanism:** Enzymes work on specific substrates, akin to a lock and key mechanism where only the correct key (substrate) can activate the lock (enzyme).
- **Example:** A well-known enzyme is lactase, which breaks down the sugar lactose into glucose and galactose, aiding in digestion.

Understanding proteins and enzymes is crucial for grasping fundamental biological processes and their applications in health, food technology, and various scientific fields.
Transcribed Image Text:### Overview of Proteins and Enzymes Proteins are macromolecules composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. They are synthesized from long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. A peptide bond forms when two amino acids react, producing a molecule of water in a process known as a condensation reaction. #### Formation and Function - **Peptide Bond Formation:** When two amino acids join, a water molecule is lost, and a peptide bond is formed. This reaction, as illustrated below, is a condensation reaction. - **Structural Variation:** The specific arrangement and shape of each protein molecule determine its function within an organism. - **Diverse Roles:** Proteins serve various roles in the body, including acting as emulsifying agents to blend different substances. For instance, during the heating of coconut milk emulsion, proteins cause oil to separate from water. #### Protein Denaturation - **Denatured Proteins:** When heated, proteins can undergo denaturation, altering their structure and properties. For example, evaporated coconut milk leaves a solid residue of denatured protein. - **Food Preservation:** Denaturation is also vital in food preservation techniques like pickling and salting, where vinegar and salts act as denaturing agents. Denaturing deactivates decay-causing microorganisms by altering their proteins. ### Enzymes: Biological Catalysts Enzymes are a special type of protein known as biological catalysts. They accelerate biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process. #### How Enzymes Work - **Mechanism:** Enzymes work on specific substrates, akin to a lock and key mechanism where only the correct key (substrate) can activate the lock (enzyme). - **Example:** A well-known enzyme is lactase, which breaks down the sugar lactose into glucose and galactose, aiding in digestion. Understanding proteins and enzymes is crucial for grasping fundamental biological processes and their applications in health, food technology, and various scientific fields.
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