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1. Draw a detailed labelled diagram and discuss the hormonal (epinephrine or
glucagon) regulation of glycogen phosphorylase.
2. Provide your own diagrammatic representation for the entry of any TWO
carbohydrates: mannose or lactose or sucrose or glycerol into the glycolytic
pathway
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- Describe the impact of phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase on its heterotropic regulation. (Don’t need the structural details; focus on the qualitative effects on allostery; be brief and to the point)Glycogen synthase may be regulated by covalent modification and/or allosteric control. Label the diagram with the appropriate terms to describe glycogen synthase regulation. Use the following options: Glucose-6-Phospate; Insulin; Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate; Phosphorylation, DephosphorylationWhat is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request Answer
- Indicate what will happen (increase, decrease or no effect) to the activity of enzyme or rate of the metabolic pathway given the following conditions: 1. epinephrine to the activity of glycogen synthase 2. high [2-carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate] to the carboxylase activity of RuBisCOIn 3-4 sentences, briefly explain how lactate is formed, the biological effect of lactate, and explain the biochemical process and path for conversion of lactate. 3. The hormones glucagon, epinephrine, and insulin, can regulate blood glucose levels to protect the brain. For each one provide a short explanation as to whether it raises or lowers glucose how it does this, and indicate whether it is metabolic or catabolic.1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?
- phosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) increased glucagon levelsphosphofructokinase reaction of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes. Classify each condition according to its effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Activates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis Activates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glycolysis Answer Bank activation of PFK-2 increased glucagon levels increased levels of cAMP increased levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2)Alcohol consumption on an empty stomach results in some interesting biochemical as well as embarrassing behavioral alterations. We will ignore the lat t er. Gluconeogenesis falls; there are increases in intracellular ratios of lactate to pyruvate, of glycerol 3- phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, of glutamate to α - ketoglutarate , and of D-3- hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. Hypoglycemia develops rapidly Blood pH also falls. Alcohol consumption by a well - fed individual does not lead to hypoglycemia or alteration in blood pH . (a) Why does ethanol consumption result in the altered ratios? (b) Why does hypoglycemia and blood acidosis result in the hungry individual? (c) Why does the well-fed person not experience hypoglycemia?
- If glucagon binds to the liver cell, what is the expected regulation of the bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and how would the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate be impacted?The glycolytic pathway is regulated by a number of key enzymes. Describe the various substrates and hormones that act on these enzymatic steps and the type of regulation (e.g. allosteric etc.).Discuss the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Explain the reciprocal control of fatty acid synthesis and degradation and the various means by which this control is achieved