Double Planoconvex Convex meniscus convex (a) Converging lenses *23-10 Lensmaker's Equation A useful equation, called the lensmaker's equation, relates the focal length of a lens to the radii of curvature R, and R, of its two surfaces and its index of refraction n: 1 1 (п — 1) R1 Lensmaker's equation (23–10) f R2 If both surfaces are convex, R¡ and R, are considered positive." For a concave surface, the radius must be considered negative. Notice that Eq. 23–10 is symmetrical in R1 and R2. Thus, if a lens is turned around so that light impinges on the other surface, the focal length is the same even if the two lens surfaces are different. This confirms what we said earlier: a lens' focal length is the same on both sides of the lens.
Ray Optics
Optics is the study of light in the field of physics. It refers to the study and properties of light. Optical phenomena can be classified into three categories: ray optics, wave optics, and quantum optics. Geometrical optics, also known as ray optics, is an optics model that explains light propagation using rays. In an optical device, a ray is a direction along which light energy is transmitted from one point to another. Geometric optics assumes that waves (rays) move in straight lines before they reach a surface. When a ray collides with a surface, it can bounce back (reflect) or bend (refract), but it continues in a straight line. The laws of reflection and refraction are the fundamental laws of geometrical optics. Light is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength that falls within the visible spectrum.
Converging Lens
Converging lens, also known as a convex lens, is thinner at the upper and lower edges and thicker at the center. The edges are curved outwards. This lens can converge a beam of parallel rays of light that is coming from outside and focus it on a point on the other side of the lens.
Plano-Convex Lens
To understand the topic well we will first break down the name of the topic, ‘Plano Convex lens’ into three separate words and look at them individually.
Lateral Magnification
In very simple terms, the same object can be viewed in enlarged versions of itself, which we call magnification. To rephrase, magnification is the ability to enlarge the image of an object without physically altering its dimensions and structure. This process is mainly done to get an even more detailed view of the object by scaling up the image. A lot of daily life examples for this can be the use of magnifying glasses, projectors, and microscopes in laboratories. This plays a vital role in the fields of research and development and to some extent even our daily lives; our daily activity of magnifying images and texts on our mobile screen for a better look is nothing other than magnification.
A planoconvex lens (Fig. 23–31a) has one flat surface
and the other has R =14.5 cm. This lens is used to view
a red and yellow object which is 66.0 cm away from the
lens. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red
light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of
the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See
Section 23–10.]
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