Ray Optics
Optics is the study of light in the field of physics. It refers to the study and properties of light. Optical phenomena can be classified into three categories: ray optics, wave optics, and quantum optics. Geometrical optics, also known as ray optics, is an optics model that explains light propagation using rays. In an optical device, a ray is a direction along which light energy is transmitted from one point to another. Geometric optics assumes that waves (rays) move in straight lines before they reach a surface. When a ray collides with a surface, it can bounce back (reflect) or bend (refract), but it continues in a straight line. The laws of reflection and refraction are the fundamental laws of geometrical optics. Light is an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength that falls within the visible spectrum.
Converging Lens
Converging lens, also known as a convex lens, is thinner at the upper and lower edges and thicker at the center. The edges are curved outwards. This lens can converge a beam of parallel rays of light that is coming from outside and focus it on a point on the other side of the lens.
Plano-Convex Lens
To understand the topic well we will first break down the name of the topic, ‘Plano Convex lens’ into three separate words and look at them individually.
Lateral Magnification
In very simple terms, the same object can be viewed in enlarged versions of itself, which we call magnification. To rephrase, magnification is the ability to enlarge the image of an object without physically altering its dimensions and structure. This process is mainly done to get an even more detailed view of the object by scaling up the image. A lot of daily life examples for this can be the use of magnifying glasses, projectors, and microscopes in laboratories. This plays a vital role in the fields of research and development and to some extent even our daily lives; our daily activity of magnifying images and texts on our mobile screen for a better look is nothing other than magnification.
![### Refraction in a Prism
#### Problem Statement
Given: Angle of incidence \( i = 45^\circ \)
Calculate the angle of refraction \( r \) for a prism-material with a refractive index of \( 1.6 \).
#### Diagram Description
The diagram illustrates the path of light through a prism. Key elements of the diagram include:
- The prism is an equilateral triangle with each angle being \( 60^\circ \).
- An incident ray strikes one face of the prism at an angle \( i = 45^\circ \).
- Within the prism, the ray bends according to the angle of refraction \( r \).
- Two geometric relationships are shown:
- \( 90^\circ - r \)
- \( 90^\circ - i \)
#### Options to Calculate \( r \):
- \( 17^\circ \)
- \( 30^\circ \)
- \( 26^\circ \)
- \( 9^\circ \)
#### Solution Approach
Apply Snell's law at the interface where the light enters the prism:
\[ n_1 \sin(i) = n_2 \sin(r) \]
Where:
- \( n_1 = 1 \) (refractive index of air)
- \( n_2 = 1.6 \) (refractive index of prism)
Given \( i = 45^\circ \):
\[ \sin(45^\circ) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \]
Using Snell's law:
\[ 1 \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} = 1.6 \cdot \sin(r) \]
\[ \sin(r) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2 \cdot 1.6} \]
\[ \sin(r) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{3.2} \approx 0.44 \]
Now, find the angle \( r \) whose sine is approximately \( 0.44 \):
\[ r \approx 26^\circ \]
### Correct Answer:
\[ \boxed{26^\circ} \]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0fcb0af8-b750-4635-b3ee-2f0c31e9ebdb%2F7ca96c10-0c64-47e3-82b5-9423990b756d%2Fn0mhs7_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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