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Discussion 1. Based on the variance/mean ratio, what can you conclude about the spatial pattern of your population? How might you explain this pattern, given observations you made as you were sampling? 2. Random sampling is very important if the data you collected are meant to represent a larger population. In retrospect, do you have any questions or concerns about the validity of the sampling method? If bias exists, how might you alter your method to randomize your samples?

Discussion 1. Based on the variance/mean ratio, what can you conclude about the spatial pattern of your population? How might you explain this pattern, given observations you made as you were sampling? 2. Random sampling is very important if the data you collected are meant to represent a larger population. In retrospect, do you have any questions or concerns about the validity of the sampling method? If bias exists, how might you alter your method to randomize your samples?

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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Discussion 1. Based on the variance/mean ratio, what can you conclude about the spatial pattern of your population? How might you explain this pattern, given observations you made as you were sampling? 2. Random sampling is very important if the data you collected are meant to represent a larger population. In retrospect, do you have any questions or concerns about the validity of the sampling method? If bias exists, how might you alter your method to randomize your samples? 3. An index of aggregation is maximized in patchy distributions if the size of the quadrat is the same as the size of the organism's aggregations. Might a larger or smaller sampling unit (or a different sized resource unit) have affected your results? 4. Would you expect another organism from the same biological community to exhibit a similar index of dispersion? Is spatial pattern a property of the organism, or of its habitat? Bioloav 6C 81
Transcribed Image Text:Discussion 1. Based on the variance/mean ratio, what can you conclude about the spatial pattern of your population? How might you explain this pattern, given observations you made as you were sampling? 2. Random sampling is very important if the data you collected are meant to represent a larger population. In retrospect, do you have any questions or concerns about the validity of the sampling method? If bias exists, how might you alter your method to randomize your samples? 3. An index of aggregation is maximized in patchy distributions if the size of the quadrat is the same as the size of the organism's aggregations. Might a larger or smaller sampling unit (or a different sized resource unit) have affected your results? 4. Would you expect another organism from the same biological community to exhibit a similar index of dispersion? Is spatial pattern a property of the organism, or of its habitat? Bioloav 6C 81
CARD SIMULATIONS OF HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION: You are already familiar with alleles of genes and how different alleles affect the phenotypes of diploid individuals. Today's exercise will give you the opportunity to look at alleles in a population, and how various evolutionary agents alter the proportions, or frequencies, of each allele over time. Specifically, the class will use cards bearing either a printed "A" or "a" to simulate two alleles of a single gene. You and your classmates will be the population in which these two alleles are found. The sum total of A and a alleles in the class will represent the gene pool. Before you begin the exercise, review the Hardy-Weinberg law and equations in a general biology textbook. Briefly, the Hardy-Weinberg law describes the conditions that must be met for a population of organisms to be at equilibrium, that is, to be non-evolving. These conditions are: (1) large population size, (2) random mating, (3) no migration, (4) no mutation, and (5) no natural selection (no differential reproductive success). If all of these conditions are met, the allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant over time. Two basic equations were formulated by Hardy and Weinberg to describe the allele and genotype frequencies for the case of a single gene with two alleles, A and a. You will apply these equations today. Equation 1 describes the allele frequencies. Note that the frequencies must sum to 1. Equation 1: p+q = 1 Frequency of allele A, q = Frequency of allele a The second equation describes the genotype frequencies. Note that the genotype frequencies also sum to 1. Equation 2: (p + q)° = p° + 2pq + q = 1 %3| p? = Frequency of AA genotype 2pq = Frequency of Aa genotype Frequency of aa genotype %3D In a population at equilibrium, knowledge of genotype frequencies can be used to compute allele frequencies*, and vice versa. Moreover, these frequencies will not change from generation to generation, Discuss how violations of the five conditions specified above might change the allele and genotype frequencies in a population. see box on the top of the next page I
Transcribed Image Text:CARD SIMULATIONS OF HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION: You are already familiar with alleles of genes and how different alleles affect the phenotypes of diploid individuals. Today's exercise will give you the opportunity to look at alleles in a population, and how various evolutionary agents alter the proportions, or frequencies, of each allele over time. Specifically, the class will use cards bearing either a printed "A" or "a" to simulate two alleles of a single gene. You and your classmates will be the population in which these two alleles are found. The sum total of A and a alleles in the class will represent the gene pool. Before you begin the exercise, review the Hardy-Weinberg law and equations in a general biology textbook. Briefly, the Hardy-Weinberg law describes the conditions that must be met for a population of organisms to be at equilibrium, that is, to be non-evolving. These conditions are: (1) large population size, (2) random mating, (3) no migration, (4) no mutation, and (5) no natural selection (no differential reproductive success). If all of these conditions are met, the allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant over time. Two basic equations were formulated by Hardy and Weinberg to describe the allele and genotype frequencies for the case of a single gene with two alleles, A and a. You will apply these equations today. Equation 1 describes the allele frequencies. Note that the frequencies must sum to 1. Equation 1: p+q = 1 Frequency of allele A, q = Frequency of allele a The second equation describes the genotype frequencies. Note that the genotype frequencies also sum to 1. Equation 2: (p + q)° = p° + 2pq + q = 1 %3| p? = Frequency of AA genotype 2pq = Frequency of Aa genotype Frequency of aa genotype %3D In a population at equilibrium, knowledge of genotype frequencies can be used to compute allele frequencies*, and vice versa. Moreover, these frequencies will not change from generation to generation, Discuss how violations of the five conditions specified above might change the allele and genotype frequencies in a population. see box on the top of the next page I
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