Determine the governing (ASD) negative bending moment (kN-m) for a column in a multistory office building using the nominal bending moments below. The live load on the floors is 1.9 kPa. Dead load = 21 kN-m Live load = 7 kN-m Roof live load = 2 kN-m %3D Wind load = ±102 kN – m %3D

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.