Determine the cross-sectional area of a mild steel cable which supports a total dead load of 3.0KN and a live load of 2.0 KN as shown in figure. The characteristic yield stress of the mild steel is 250N/mm2. Carry out the calculations using (1) The load factor method with a load factor=1.8. (2) A permissible stress design with a factor of safety of 1.8 on the yield stress. (3) A limit state design with the following factors of safety. ro=1.4 for the dead load, Pa=1.6 for the live load, rm=1.15 for the steel strength. "Mild steel cable Live load 20kN Dead load - 3 OKN

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Construction Process

In civil engineering, construction is the combination of art and science, to construct a physical and naturally built environment, starting from the design phase. The construction process falls under the area of building construction, which is a sub-branch of civil engineering. Hence, it is also sometimes called the design and build or design-build process. The work of construction is majorly carried out by civil engineers and design professionals along with a team of works consisting of contractors and subcontractors.