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Describe what is happening at each of the four stages of translation shown in the above diagram-

Describe what is happening at each of the four stages of translation shown in the above diagram-

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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### Stages of Translation in Protein Synthesis The diagram illustrates the four stages of translation, which is a crucial process in protein synthesis. Here is a detailed description of what happens at each of these stages: 1. **Initiation (1):** - The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG). - The initiator tRNA carrying methionine pairs with the start codon. 2. **Elongation (2):** - Incoming aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome. - Peptide bond formation occurs between the amino acid at the P site and the newly arrived amino acid at the A site. 3. **Translocation (3):** - The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction. - The tRNA in the P site moves to the E site and exits the ribosome. - The growing polypeptide chain extends as it shifts from the A site to the P site, making space for the next codon in the A site. 4. **Termination (4):** - When a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) reaches the A site, the process comes to an end. - A release factor binds to the stop codon, causing the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain from the tRNA at the P site. - The ribosomal subunits dissociate, ready to begin a new round of translation. ### Notations and Color Coding in the Diagram: - **mRNA (red):** Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. - **Ribosome:** Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit which facilitate the translation process. - **tRNA (blue & purple):** Brings amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon. - **Polypeptide Chain (blue & elongated):** The growing protein formed during translation. - **E (Exit) Site, P (Peptidyl) Site, A (Aminoacyl) Site:** Designations within the ribosome where tRNA binding and activity occur. Understanding these stages elucidates the precise and coordinated effort required for cellular machinery to synthesize proteins, following the genetic instructions encoded within mRNA.
Transcribed Image Text:### Stages of Translation in Protein Synthesis The diagram illustrates the four stages of translation, which is a crucial process in protein synthesis. Here is a detailed description of what happens at each of these stages: 1. **Initiation (1):** - The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG). - The initiator tRNA carrying methionine pairs with the start codon. 2. **Elongation (2):** - Incoming aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome. - Peptide bond formation occurs between the amino acid at the P site and the newly arrived amino acid at the A site. 3. **Translocation (3):** - The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction. - The tRNA in the P site moves to the E site and exits the ribosome. - The growing polypeptide chain extends as it shifts from the A site to the P site, making space for the next codon in the A site. 4. **Termination (4):** - When a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) reaches the A site, the process comes to an end. - A release factor binds to the stop codon, causing the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain from the tRNA at the P site. - The ribosomal subunits dissociate, ready to begin a new round of translation. ### Notations and Color Coding in the Diagram: - **mRNA (red):** Carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. - **Ribosome:** Consists of a large subunit and a small subunit which facilitate the translation process. - **tRNA (blue & purple):** Brings amino acids to the ribosome, matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon. - **Polypeptide Chain (blue & elongated):** The growing protein formed during translation. - **E (Exit) Site, P (Peptidyl) Site, A (Aminoacyl) Site:** Designations within the ribosome where tRNA binding and activity occur. Understanding these stages elucidates the precise and coordinated effort required for cellular machinery to synthesize proteins, following the genetic instructions encoded within mRNA.
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