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Describe the three basic kinds of killing cells.
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- 1. NSF is an enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to disassemble complexes between V-SNARES and t-SNARES. a) Why do you suppose such an enzyme is needed? b) If NSF were suddenly inactivated and then the cells were examined a short time later, what types of effects would you expect to see?Which is true of the innate immune response? a) Mucus can contain lysozyme and ampicillin b) Fe poisons potential pathogens c) Skin is dry and alkaline d) Fe limitation has a bacteriostatic effectWhich of the following destroys virus-infected cells? Question 6 options: A) cytotoxic T cells B) B cells C) T helper cells D) dendritic cells
- Which of the following is not true for a natural killer cell? A) do not undergo rearrangement of receptor genes B) develop in the thymus c) stimulated (activated) by IFN-a and other cytokines D) lack of NK cells can lead to severe viral infections Question 6 Represents innate immune system receptors A Randomly arranged B) Germline encoded c) cross-reactive D) CLP encoded is determined by specific carbohydrate groupsAlthough the complement cascade can be initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of a pathogen, complement activation is generally considered to be an innate immune response. This is because: Two of the three pathways for complement activation are initiated by constitutively produced recognition molecules that directly interact with microbial surfaces. When the complement cascade leads to the formation of a membrane-attack complex, the pathogen is killed. Several of the soluble products generated by complement activation lead promote the inflammatory response. Complement proteins bound to the pathogen promote uptake and destruction by phagocytic cells. The C3 convertase is only produced when complement activation is initiated by antibody binding to a pathogen.1. During an HIV infection, a doctor would expect which of these cytokines to be most elevated? A) TGF-B B) IL-8 C) IFNY D) IL-1
- Which of the following cells in the diagram shown below phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms? Courtesy Michael Ross, University of Florida А В C D E a) A O b) B c) C d) D O el E1. Which of the following white blood cells would you expect to find in high numbers during a helminth infection but not during a bacterial infection? Hint: don't forget that helminths are eukaryotes.... a) Macrophages b) Mast Cells c) Neutrophils d) Eosinophil 2.Which of the following properly describe Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)? a) Directed selection creates complexity and differences between cells in the same individual b) Inheritance makes it identical for all siblings that share the same parents c) Natural selection has made it identical for all members of the same species d)Random selection creates variety between individual humans. Give the answer of both question.In the antibody-mediated immune response, the binding of some antigen-presenting B cells to helper T cells initiates a signal transduction pathway that transforms the B cells into plasma cells, which will synthesize and secrete large quantities of antibodies-a specialized subset of proteins responsible for attaching to the antigen on the outer surface of pathogens. Which of the following describes the most relevant intracellular change to B cells as they are transformed into plasma cells? A B a breakdown of some membrane-bound proteins to allow synthesized antibodies to more readily diffuse across the membrane of the plasma cell с an increase in the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to allow the binding of a large number of ribosomes for antibody synthesis D an increase in the number of lysosomes in order to facilitate the storage of synthesized antibodies ahead of their transport out of the cell an increase in the volume of the mitochondria in order to increase…
- This term describes an antigen that is too small to be immunogenic, however it binds to proteins in the body to increase its size, allowing it to then be able to trigger an immune reaction: O 1) hapten O 2) alloantigen 3) superantigen O 4) epitopeTrue or False: During phagocytosis, the entire microbe is destroyed and not used for any other purpose. O True O FalsePlease answer the one question below, thanks. In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffered a career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterial infection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in 2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contact or by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death. In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant to many antibiotics. For example, β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However, MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encoded by the mecA gene. β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a, and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their…
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