Describe how block copolymers can be used to improve the resolution of lithography.
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- What is the equipment required to conduct an experiment to establish KCL and KVL in the laboratory?Explain the process by which an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX) spectrum is generated and the origins of the La and Ka lines for Fe in the EDX shown in Figure 3 below. Why do the Fe La lines have a lower energy than the Ka lines? By considering the energy of the X-rays measured, discuss whether EDX can be used to measure whether the iron in an iron oxide is in 2+ or 3+ valence state? Which other spectroscopy technique in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) is more appropriate and why? OK 0.01 10.00 kev Figure 3: EDX spectrum of multi-element glass (NIST K309) containing 0, Al, Si, Ca, Ba and Fe.1 A cleaved-facet, DH GaAs laser has an active layer thickness of 0.1 μm, a length of 300μm, and a threshold current density of 1 kA/cm2. Assume unity injection efficiency, an internal loss of 10cm−1, a confinement factor of 0.1, and only radiative recombination. (a) What is the threshold carrier density in the active region? (b) What is the power out of one cleaved facet per micrometer of width at a current density of 2 kA/cm2?(c) What are the photon and carrier densities at 2 kA/cm2?