Denny studied factors affecting cardiovascular reactivity to a postural change in a sample of healthy men and women. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine to standing position was used as the measure of cardiac reactivity in a sample of 842 adults. Supine measurement of blood pressure was taken after participants had lain on an examination table for 15 minutes. Blood pressure was determined every 30 seconds using a Dinamap device for 2 minutes, and the measurements were averaged. Participants then stood up immediately, and additional measurements were made for another 2 minutes. Below is a table describing the characteristics of Denny’s sample: Which variables in the table, if any, were measured on a ratio scale? Which measures of central tendency, if any, are presented in this table? Which measures of dispersion, if any, are presented in this table (Ranges, SDs)? Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Sample (N=842) Sample Characteristic Frequency (n) Percent or Mean (SD) Range Gender Female 408 48.5% 55.1 Male 434 51.1% Age (years) 842 (5.1) 44-67 Age 60 and older 101 16.2% Race/ethnicity White, not Hispanic 701 83.3% African American 141 16.7% Smoking status Nonsmoker 698 82.9% 24.9 Currently smokes <1 pack/day 91 10.8% Currently smokes 1+ packs/day 53 6.3% BMI BMI 831 (4.1) 18.1–36.3 BMI >25 ( overweight) 295 35.5%

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Description: Denny studied factors affecting cardiovascular reactivity to a postural change in a sample of healthy men and women. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine to standing position was used as the measure of cardiac reactivity in a sample of

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

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Denny studied factors affecting cardiovascular reactivity to a postural change in a sample of healthy men and women. Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from supine to standing position was used as the measure of cardiac reactivity in a sample of 842 adults. Supine measurement of blood pressure was taken after participants had lain on an examination table for 15 minutes. Blood pressure was determined every 30 seconds using a Dinamap device for 2 minutes, and the measurements were averaged. Participants then stood up immediately, and additional measurements were made for another 2 minutes. Below is a table describing the characteristics of Denny’s sample:

Which variables in the table, if any, were measured on a ratio scale?
Which measures of central tendency, if any, are presented in this table?
Which measures of dispersion, if any, are presented in this table (Ranges, SDs)?

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Sample (N=842)

	Sample Characteristic	Frequency (n)	Percent or Mean (SD)	Range
Gender	Female	408	48.5%	55.1
Male	434	51.1%
Age (years)		842	(5.1)	44-67
Age 60 and older	101	16.2%
Race/ethnicity	White, not Hispanic	701	83.3%
African American	141	16.7%
Smoking status	Nonsmoker	698	82.9%	24.9
Currently smokes <1 pack/day	91	10.8%
Currently smokes 1+ packs/day	53	6.3%
BMI	BMI	831	(4.1)	18.1–36.3
BMI >25 ( overweight)	295	35.5%

Definition Definition Measure of central tendency that is the average of a given data set. The mean value is evaluated as the quotient of the sum of all observations by the sample size. The mean, in contrast to a median, is affected by extreme values. Very large or very small values can distract the mean from the center of the data. Arithmetic mean: The most common type of mean is the arithmetic mean. It is evaluated using the formula: μ = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N x i Other types of means are the geometric mean, logarithmic mean, and harmonic mean. Geometric mean: The nth root of the product of n observations from a data set is defined as the geometric mean of the set: G = x 1 x 2 ... x n n Logarithmic mean: The difference of the natural logarithms of the two numbers, divided by the difference between the numbers is the logarithmic mean of the two numbers. The logarithmic mean is used particularly in heat transfer and mass transfer. ln x 2 − ln x 1 x 2 − x 1 Harmonic mean: The inverse of the arithmetic mean of the inverses of all the numbers in a data set is the harmonic mean of the data. 1 1 x 1 + 1 x 2 + ...

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