Define organizational cultureExamine the THREE fundamental levels of its manifestationdiscuss an organization of your choice based on these THREE levels of culture. Tesco admits defeat and pulls out of JapanAfter ploughing more than £250m and eight years into trying to crack one of the toughest retail markets in the world,Tesco has admitted defeat and announced that it is pulling out of Japan. The retrenchment is a rare setback for the globe-trotting British retailer, which has spent much of the past decade planting its red, white and blue flag in countries rangingfrom Turkey to Thailand, and follows the promotion of Philip Clarke, the former head of its sprawling international business,to group chief executive. At his maiden results presentation in April, Clarke set the scene for a major shakeup by promisingto improve returns from its overseas investments. "Having made considerable efforts in Japan, we have concluded wecannot build a sufficiently scaleable business," he said on Wednesday. "We have decided to sell our operations there andfocus on our larger businesses in the region." The decision came after a review of the vast retailer's Asian arm, whichalso takes in Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and China and had £11bn sales last year.Clarke succeeded Sir Terry Leahy - the veteran chief executive behind the rapid overseas growth that turned the Britishsupermarket into the world's third-largest retailer - in March, and analysts said it meant he would not balk at pulling theplug on its heavily loss-making US start-up Fresh & Easy if its performance did not improve. The Los Angeles-basedAmerican business was the biggest gamble taken by Leahy during 14 years in charge.Shore Capital analyst Darren Shirleysaid that although the Japanese chain was its smallest overseas chain it was "important from a symbolic and directionalsense". He added: "This decision should send a message throughout the group that Clarke it is not about flag-pitchingand is about creating a sustainable, balanced model for growth. Nowhere greater will this decision resonate than in theUS, where we forecast over £700m of accumulated losses by February 2012."Tesco is not the first foreign retailer to leaveJapan with its tail between its legs. Boots the Chemists and France's Carrefour have also admitted defeat there. TheCheshunt-based supermarket chain arrived in Japan in June 2003 when it acquired Tokyo convenience store chain CTwo-Network for £173m. The push was led by David Reid, now Tesco's chairman, who at the time described it as a "neatentry" to a market with higher operating margins than in the UK. It made a bolt-on acquisition the following year, acquiringbankrupt convenience store chain Fre'c and taking on £16m of its debt. Analysts said it invested some £10m a year inJapan in a bid to turn the business into a major force in the country. However Tesco appears to have underestimated thedifficulties it would counter in Japan, the world's third-largest grocery market after the US and China, with total sales of$356bn. Gavin Rothwell, research manager at retail analysts IGD, said the country was "notoriously difficult" due to highoperating costs and extremely demanding shoppers, with even market leaders Aeon and Ito Yokado battling to increaseprofits."The retail market is fragmented and there are many strong regional players, often family-owned," said Rothwell."Convenience stores dominate, particularly in the city centres, and a culture of 'immediacy' supports large numbers ofvending machines. "Tesco had developed an own-label range and even a fresh kitchen to supply fish and other localproducts to its stores but last year the business, which trades under the names Tsurakame, Tesco and Tesco Express,made an operating loss of £5m on sales of £476m. "Unfortunately, it has proved to be very difficult to shift consumersfrom stores they use into new ones," said Clarke. A formal sale process will now begin, but Tesco said the stores wouldcontinue to trade as usual. Analysts estimated the sale would raise between £50m and £75m, a drop in the ocean for theretailer, which made profits of £3.8bn on sales of £67.6bn last year. Tesco had already written down the goodwill on its "Convenience stores dominate, particularly in the city centres, and a culture of 'immediacy' supports large numbers ofvending machines. "Tesco had developed an own-label range and even a fresh kitchen to supply fish and other localproducts to its stores but last year the business, which trades under the names Tsurakame, Tesco and Tesco Express,made an operating loss of £5m on sales of £476m. "Unfortunately, it has proved to be very difficult to shift consumersfrom stores they use into new ones," said Clarke. A formal sale process will now begin, but Tesco said the stores wouldcontinue to trade as usual. Analysts estimated the sale would raise between £50m and £75m, a drop in the ocean for theretailer, which made profits of £3.8bn on sales of £67.6bn last year. Tesco had already written down the goodwill on itsJapanese business and had halted further investment. The shares closed up 13.8p at 378.6p. Tesco made its first forayoverseas in the 1980s when it acquired H Williams in Ireland (although it later sold the business) and has gone on to open2,750 stores outside the UK. Although 65% of the group's store space is now overseas, the domestic chain still generatesthe lion's share of group profits and Clarke wants to focus on markets where it can be either the market leader or in secondplace. In the UK, Tesco has a market share of 30.5%, whereas in Japan it has less than 1%. Building an internationalempire has not been plain sailing: in 1997, one of Leahy's first decisions as chief executive was to sell French businessCatteau, the same year it also re-entered Ireland. In 2005, the retailer quit Taiwan by handing over the stores to Carrefourin exchange for outlets in the Czech Republic and Slovakia Clarke insisted the decision to withdraw from Japan had no1bearing on the future of Fresh & Easy, but he has already made it clear that the next two years will be critical for thebusiness headed by deputy chief executive Tim Mason. The 176-store chain made a loss of £186m on sales of £502mlast year and Clarke wants to see a significant reduction in the current financial year and for it to reach break-even towardsthe end of 2012. The stores are being refurbished after shoppers complained they were too clinical, with the introductionof wooden flooring and flower stands at the entrances, while new products such as takeaway coffee and pastries, keydraws for US consumers, have been introduced.F&E will also trial an "Express" format this year which, at 3,000sq ft, willbe less than a third of the size of the stores it has opened to date.Leahy retirement has triggered a changing of the guardat Tesco, with Andrew Higginson, one of his key lieutenants, announcing he was quitting last week. The head of its retailingservices division which includes the Tesco Bank said he would go next year after serving 15 years on the supermarketgroup's board. Reid is retiring in November to be replaced by Sir Richard Broadbent, Barclays' deputy chairman.(https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/aug/31/tesco-japan-pull-out-philip-clarke// Date Accessed 20th April 2023)

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Define organizational culture Examine the THREE fundamental levels of its manifestation discuss an organization of your choice based on these THREE levels of culture

Understanding Business

12th Edition

ISBN:9781259929434

Author:William Nickels

Publisher:William Nickels

Chapter1: Taking Risks And Making Profits Within The Dynamic Business Environment

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1CE

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