Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![When the diol shown below is treated with excess PCC, Compound A (C7H1002) is formed as the major product. A gives a positive Tollens' test.
When A is treated with 1 equivalent of ethylene glycol with a catalytic amount of H2SO4 present, Compound B (C9H1402) is the major product. B gives a negative Tollens' test.
When B is with methyl magnesium bromide, followed by a workup with aqueous acid, Compound C (C8H1402) and ethylene glycol are the major organic products. C gives a
positive Tollens' test.
When C is heated with H2NNH2 and KOH, Compound D (C8H160) is isolated as the major organic product. D gives a negative Tollens' test.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F4783cb6f-c9a6-486a-a4d0-5a07a49ff57e%2F59bbc924-5ad6-450b-bbe4-1763dc693aa3%2Fzraqvxl_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![ОН
НО
OH
HO,
excess PCC
(1 equiv.)
H2SO4 (cat.)
A (C,H1,02)
B (C,H1403)
1) CH,MgBr
H,NNH,
2) H,0*
Кон, heat
C (C3H1402)
D (C3H160)
+
HO
OH
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