Decide whether they are describing a false positive (Type I error) or a false negative (Type 2 error). 1. A home pregnancy test taken very early in a pregnancy when hormone levels are very low indicates a negative result when a woman is actually pregnant. 2. A urine drug test incorrectly indicates that a person has used marijuana, due to cross-reactivity with other substances in their system (e.g., certain medications). Confirmatory testing later reveals they are clean. 3. Air quality tests fail to detect high levels of pollutants, indicating that the air is safe to breathe. This can occur due to issues with the sampling method or equipment calibration, leading to an underestimation of contamination levels. 4. A breathalyzer measuring expired breath is used as a surrogate for blood alcohol content. A driver had his breath measured and blew a 0.18. The driver swore he had only drank 1 shot (2 ounces) three and a half hours earlier. He did, however, use mouthwash and had a permanent retainer. 5. A soil sample is analyzed for pesticide residues and the results show elevated levels of a particular chemical. However, further analysis shows that the initial result was due to contamination during sample handling rather than actual pesticide presence in the soil.
Decide whether they are describing a false positive (Type I error) or a false negative (Type 2 error).
1. A home pregnancy test taken very early in a pregnancy when hormone levels are very low indicates a negative result when a woman is actually pregnant.
2. A urine drug test incorrectly indicates that a person has used marijuana, due to cross-reactivity with other substances in their system (e.g., certain medications). Confirmatory testing later reveals they are clean.
3. Air quality tests fail to detect high levels of pollutants, indicating that the air is safe to breathe. This can occur due to issues with the sampling method or equipment calibration, leading to an underestimation of contamination levels.
4. A breathalyzer measuring expired breath is used as a surrogate for blood alcohol content. A driver had his breath measured and blew a 0.18. The driver swore he had only drank 1 shot (2 ounces) three and a half hours earlier. He did, however, use mouthwash and had a permanent retainer.
5. A soil sample is analyzed for pesticide residues and the results show elevated levels of a particular chemical. However, further analysis shows that the initial result was due to contamination during sample handling rather than actual pesticide presence in the soil.
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