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- 2. Three agents are characterized by the following utility functions: Al: 4,(x)= In(x) A2: и,(х) %3D 10х ? АЗ: и, (х) %— 2* +1 a) Calculate the expected rate of return and risk for the following assets: x, = (4,2 2,6/0,48 0,52) x, = (1,7 3,5/0,27 0,73) b) What asset will the agents with the previous utility functions choose?4) Consider investors with preferences represented by the utility function U = E(r) – Ao². (a) Draw the indifference curve representing a utility level of 10% for an in- vestor with a risk aversion parameter A = 3 in expected return-standard deviation space. (b) In the same graph, draw the indifference curve representing a utility level of 15% for an investor with a risk aversion parameter A = 3. (c) In the same graph, draw the indifference curve representing a utility level of 10% for an investor with a risk aversion parameter A = 5.A manager is deciding whether to build a small or a large facility. Much depends on the future demand that thefacility must serve, and demand may be small or large. The manager knows with certainty the payoffs that willresult under each alternative, shown in the following payoff table. The payoffs (in $000) are the present values offuture revenues minus costs for each alternative in each event.What is the best choice if future demand will be low?
- (Derive the coefficients of absolute and relative risk aversion of the following functions, and point out th conditions to make each function increase and concave: (а) и (х) —х- (b/2)x2 (b) µ (x) = (B/(B –- 1))x!-1/B (c) µ (x) = (1/ (B – 1)) [A +Bx]'¬1/BBuying and selling prices for risky investments obviously are related to certain equivalents. This problem, however, shows that the prices depend on exactly what is owned in the first place. Suppose that your utility for wealth (A) can be represented by the utility function u(A) = In [(A)] You currently have R1000 in cash. A business deal of interest to you yields a reward of R100 with probability 0,5 and RO with probability 0,5. 2.1 If you own this business deal in addition to the R1000, what is the smallest amount for which you would sell the deal? 2.2 Suppose you do not own the deal. Formulate an appropriate equation and solve with algebra to find the largest amount you would be willing to pay for the deal. 2.3 Explain why the amounts in 2.1 and 2.2 are slightly different.Two stocks are available. The corresponding expectedrates of return are r¯1 and r¯2; the corresponding variances and covariances areσ12, σ22, and σ12. What percentages of total investment should be invested ineach of the two stocks to minimize the total variance of the rate of return ofthe resulting portfolio? What is the mean rate of return of this portfolio?
- A risk-averse expected-utility maximizer has initial wealth w0 and utility function u. She facesa risk of a financial loss of L dollars, which occurs with probability π. An insurance companyoffers to sell a policy that costs p dollars per dollar of coverage (per dollar paid back in theevent of a loss). Denote by x the number of dollars of coverage.(a) Give the formula for her expected utility V (x) as a function of x.(b) Suppose that u(z) = −e−zλ, π = 1/4, L = 100 and p = 1/3. Write V (x)using these values. There should be three variables, x, λ and w. Find the optimal value of x,as a function of λ and w, by solving the first-order condition (set the derivative of the expectedutility with respect to x equal to zero). (The second-order condition for this problem holds butyou do not need to check it.) Does the optimal amount of coverage increase or decrease in λ,where λ > 0?(c) Repeat exercise (b), but with p = 1/6.(d) You should find that for either (b) or (c), the optimal coverage…Consider an investor with initial wealth yo, who maximizes his expected utility from final wealth, E[u()]. This investor can invest in two a risky securities, 1 and 2, with random return ři and ř2. Those risky returns are two binomial variables, perfectly correlated. More specifically, with probability p we have ř =r and r, = r+ô, and with probability 1- p we have î = 0 and ř2 = -6, where r> 0 and ổ > 0. We assume that this investor has log preferences, that is u(y) = log(y). 1. For a given fraction, a, of the initial wealth, invested in risky security 2, what is the distribution of final wealth, g1? 2. Determine the expression of Elu(1)] as a function of a. 3. Explain why there is an upper bound and a lower bound for a, and determine those bounds. 4. Determine the optimal fraction a*. 5. When p = 0.5, describe qualitatively the optimal investment strategy. Does it make sense?2. Consider a trader with initial fund given by To holding q shares of stock i is C(q) = 10 + q². The price (x;) at which this trader sells its position is stochastically distributed according to the following probability distribution: 15, and the transaction cost function of || S0.5, if a; = $8 |0.5, if x; = $2 P(x:) = Let a random variable îñ be the profit of trading at each time t, t = 1, 2, . ..,T, (b) Consider now that the trader's utility function is described by u(ñ) = µ(7). What is now the optimal level of position and the associated equilibrium profits?
- Eunice, the industry analyst of H&M, wants to determine the propensity of Major Clothingcompanies toward risk. She was able to determine the utility distribution of H&M, Uniqloand Dickies. For H&M, If the expected payoff of a venture is a loss of 125,000, the utilityvalue is 0.00, if a loss of 75,000, the utility value is .2, if breakeven, the utility value is .5,if gain of 75,000 .8 and if gain of 125,000 utility value is 1. For Uniqlo, if loss of 125,000utility value is 0, if loss of 75,000 utility value is .1, breakeven is .4, if a gain of 75,000,utility value is .7 and if gain of 125,000 utility value is 1. For Dickies, if loss of 125,000,utility value is 0, if loss of 75,000, utility value is .3 breakeven is .6, if gain of 75,000, utilityvalue is .9 and gain of 125,000, utility value is 1. What is the propensity to risk of the threeinternet companies? Explain your graph.Suppose you identify 50 possible investments whose payoffs are completely independent of one another. All the investments have the same expected value and standard deviation. You have $5,000 to invest. In terms of risk, would the benefit of spreading your $5,000 across all 50 investments be the same, greater, or smaller compared with dividing your funds between just two investments? OYes. The gains from spreading your investments would be larger if you spread the $5000 across 50 investments. No. Because in this case diversification does not help to spread risk, it doesn't matter how many investments you spread your $5,000 across. No. Because the payoffs from these investments are independent, it doesn't matter how many investments you spread your $5,000 across, as there is no benefit in terms of reduced risk. O Yes. Because the payoffs from these investments are negatively correlated with one another, spreading your $5,000 across a targer number of investments reduces your risk.An investor with capital x can invest any amount between0 and x; if y is invested then y is eitherwon or lost, with respectiveprobabilities p and 1− p. If p > 1/2, how much should be invested byan investor having a exponential utility function u(x) = 1 − e −bx ,b > 0.