States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
![A student is given 50.0 mL of a solution of Na2CO3 of unknown concentration. To determine the
concentration of the solution, the student mixes the solution with excess 1.0 M Ca(NO3)₂(aq), causing a
precipitate to form. The balanced equation for the reaction is shown below.
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca(NO₂)₂ (aq) 2 NaNO3(ag) - CaCO3(s)
(u) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the solutions of NaCO3 and Ca(NO₂), are
mixed.
(b) The diagram below is incomplete Draw in the species needed so accurately represent the major ionic species
remaining in the solution after the reaction has been completed.
Nat
(NO3
(NO3
(Na
Solid CaCO
NO₂
(NO3](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F50de52e1-7d33-4b3c-a050-8482f7f33c6d%2F94605f4d-b115-4fae-af8b-1b43360b49cd%2Fa9aw6wd_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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Solid CaCO3
The student filters and dries the precipitate or CaCO (molar mass 100.1 g/mol) and records the data in the
table below.
Volume of Na₂CO3 solution
Volume of 1.0 M Ca(NO₂), added
Mass of CaCO3 precipitate collected
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50.0 ml
100.0 mL
0.93 g
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(c) Determine the number of moles of Na₂CO3 in the original 50.0 mL of solution.
I
(d) The student realizes that the precipitate was not completely dried and claims that as a result, the calculated
Na₂CO3 molarity is too low. Do you agree with the student's claim? Justify your answer
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(e) After the precipitate forms and is filtered, the liquid that passed through the filter is tested to see if it can
conduct electricity. What would be observed? Justify your answer
The student decides to determine the molarity of the same Na2COs solution using a second method. When
NaCO is dissolved in water CO₂ (aa) hydrolyzes to form HCO 10g) as shown by the following
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d Amazon](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F50de52e1-7d33-4b3c-a050-8482f7f33c6d%2F94605f4d-b115-4fae-af8b-1b43360b49cd%2Fb2rmhi_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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d) the student realizes that the precipitate was not completely dried and claims that as a result, the calculated Na2CO3 molarity is too low. Do you agree or disagree and why?
e) after the precipitate forms and is filtered, the liquid is tested to see if it conducts electricity. What would be observed? Explain.
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