Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
supply mechanisms for the following reactions showing all intermediates, all formal charges, and use arrows to show electron flow
![**Chemical Reaction and Stereochemistry**
This diagram illustrates a chemical reaction involving chiral molecules and emphasizes the importance of maintaining stereochemistry at a chiral center.
### Reaction Components:
1. **Reactants:**
- The left side of the arrow shows a compound featuring a six-membered aromatic ring bonded to a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen is further connected to an ethyl group (Et), a chiral carbon, and a chlorine atom (Cl).
- The chiral carbon is labeled with an R configuration and is bonded to deuterium (D), hydrogen (H), and another hydrogen (H), maintaining its chiral nature.
- The other reactant is a molecule with a five-membered nitrogen-containing aromatic ring (pyridine derivative).
2. **Solvent:**
- The reaction is carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF), depicted above the arrow indicating the reaction.
### Reaction Product:
- The resulting product consists of the same aromatic ring with nitrogen, retaining the ethyl and chiral carbon. However, the chlorine is replaced by the nitrogen-containing aromatic ring from the second reactant.
- The product also retains the R configuration at the chiral center, indicated by the stereochemistry notation.
### Stereochemistry:
- The text emphasizes the necessity of accounting for complete retention of the stereochemistry at the chiral carbon during the reaction.
**Note:** This reaction may involve specific mechanisms, such as nucleophilic substitution, where the stereochemistry must remain unchanged. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for students studying organic chemistry and reactions involving chiral molecules.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F13f99433-34aa-4e92-8117-34b0d2272faf%2F749f7c45-e027-40cf-88e4-9fca63328bd0%2Fxr19sdj_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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