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(a) .. CC нон H. HÖ: - (b) H -C: → H. H.

(a) .. CC нон H. HÖ: - (b) H -C: → H. H.

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Use curved arrows to show the flow of electrons on the reactant side of each of the following reactions: 

### Transcription of Chemical Reactions #### Reaction (a): 1. **Reactants:** - A compound with a phenyl group (benzene ring) attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and adjacent to chlorine (C-Cl bond) with two hydrogen atoms. - Hydroxide ion (OH⁻). 2. **Reaction Process:** - The hydroxide ion attacks the carbon atom in the haloalkane, displacing the chloride ion. 3. **Products:** - A phenyl ketone with a negative charge on the oxygen and an extra lone pair (resonance structure). - Water molecule (H₂O) produced as a byproduct. #### Reaction (b): 1. **Reactants:** - A secondary alcohol group with isopropyl groups on both sides (2-propanol). - Hydrochloric acid (HCl). 2. **Reaction Process:** - The hydrogen ion (H⁺) from HCl protonates the oxygen atom of the alcohol, turning it into a good leaving group. - The chloride ion (Cl⁻) is displaced. 3. **Products:** - A carbocation formed by the loss of the leaving hydrogen. - Chloride ion (Cl⁻) remains. ### Diagram Explanation Both diagrams illustrate nucleophilic substitution reactions where a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic center, leading to the substitution of a leaving group. Reaction (a) features a typical haloalkane and hydroxide ion interaction, while reaction (b) shows an acid-catalyzed reaction of an alcohol with hydrochloric acid.
Transcribed Image Text:### Transcription of Chemical Reactions #### Reaction (a): 1. **Reactants:** - A compound with a phenyl group (benzene ring) attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and adjacent to chlorine (C-Cl bond) with two hydrogen atoms. - Hydroxide ion (OH⁻). 2. **Reaction Process:** - The hydroxide ion attacks the carbon atom in the haloalkane, displacing the chloride ion. 3. **Products:** - A phenyl ketone with a negative charge on the oxygen and an extra lone pair (resonance structure). - Water molecule (H₂O) produced as a byproduct. #### Reaction (b): 1. **Reactants:** - A secondary alcohol group with isopropyl groups on both sides (2-propanol). - Hydrochloric acid (HCl). 2. **Reaction Process:** - The hydrogen ion (H⁺) from HCl protonates the oxygen atom of the alcohol, turning it into a good leaving group. - The chloride ion (Cl⁻) is displaced. 3. **Products:** - A carbocation formed by the loss of the leaving hydrogen. - Chloride ion (Cl⁻) remains. ### Diagram Explanation Both diagrams illustrate nucleophilic substitution reactions where a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic center, leading to the substitution of a leaving group. Reaction (a) features a typical haloalkane and hydroxide ion interaction, while reaction (b) shows an acid-catalyzed reaction of an alcohol with hydrochloric acid.
### Chemical Reaction Scheme (c) This diagram illustrates a chemical reaction involving: 1. **Reactants:** - A brominated alkane (CH₃CH₂CHBrCH₃), where bromine (Br) is attached to the third carbon in the carbon chain. - A hydroxide ion (OH⁻). 2. **Conditions:** - The reaction requires heat for the transformation to occur. 3. **Products:** - An alkene (CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂), which is a four-carbon chain with a double bond between the second and third carbon atoms. - A bromide ion (Br⁻), which is released from the brominated alkane. - Water (H₂O), formed from the hydroxide ion and the hydrogen atom removed from the original alkane. ### Explanation - **Mechanism:** - This reaction is an example of an elimination reaction, specifically an E2 mechanism, where the base (OH⁻) abstracts a hydrogen atom adjacent to the carbon with the leaving group (Br), resulting in the formation of a double bond and the expulsion of the bromide ion. - **Outcome:** - The transformation converts a saturated alkane into an unsaturated alkene through the loss of a molecule of HBr, with heat facilitating the reaction. This reaction is important in organic chemistry for the synthesis of alkenes from haloalkanes.
Transcribed Image Text:### Chemical Reaction Scheme (c) This diagram illustrates a chemical reaction involving: 1. **Reactants:** - A brominated alkane (CH₃CH₂CHBrCH₃), where bromine (Br) is attached to the third carbon in the carbon chain. - A hydroxide ion (OH⁻). 2. **Conditions:** - The reaction requires heat for the transformation to occur. 3. **Products:** - An alkene (CH₃CH₂CH=CH₂), which is a four-carbon chain with a double bond between the second and third carbon atoms. - A bromide ion (Br⁻), which is released from the brominated alkane. - Water (H₂O), formed from the hydroxide ion and the hydrogen atom removed from the original alkane. ### Explanation - **Mechanism:** - This reaction is an example of an elimination reaction, specifically an E2 mechanism, where the base (OH⁻) abstracts a hydrogen atom adjacent to the carbon with the leaving group (Br), resulting in the formation of a double bond and the expulsion of the bromide ion. - **Outcome:** - The transformation converts a saturated alkane into an unsaturated alkene through the loss of a molecule of HBr, with heat facilitating the reaction. This reaction is important in organic chemistry for the synthesis of alkenes from haloalkanes.
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