Cotranscriptional processing of RNA (a) Capping Transcription start site Cap CTD Capping enzymes (b) Splicing CTD RNA splicing 5 machinery (c) Cleavage and polyadenylation Poly(A) tail added (d) Final product - Poly(A) tail FIGURE 8-13 Cotranscriptional processing of RNA is coordinated by the carboxyl tal domain (CTD) of the B subunit of RNA polymerase II Reversible phosphorylation of the amino acids of the CTD (indicated by the P's) creates binding sites for the different processing enzymes and factors required for (a) capping, (b) splicing, and (c) cleavage and polyadenylation.

Q: What is copy-number variation? How does it arise?

A: It has been analysed that there is an unexpected variability in the individual human genomes. This…

Q: Identify the chromosomal pattern in the nucleus marked (B) in the photomicrograph below (A) n (B)…

A: The cells in our reproductive system shows meiosis crossing over during the process of…

Q: Do none coding triplets perform any function? Give examples

A: Non coding sequences are those which do not code for amino acids .

Q: What is a structure in the centromere region of each chromatid that is specialized for conveyance?

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…

Q: What do you mean by Error-Prone Repair by Nonhomologous End Joining?

A: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that repairs double strand breaks in DNA. NHEJ is…

Q: In Figure 5-32, what do the half-red, half-blue segments represent?

A: the half-red, half-blue segments represent:

Q: I have a doubt, I'm not sure if the chromosomes are a boy or a girl? Or if the chromosomes have any…

A: Monosomy is an aneuploidy in which only one of a pair of chromosomes is present. When a section of…

Q: he next four questions below refer to the following terms. Each term may be used once, core than…

A: Cell division is the process by which new cells are formed.

Q: Most cells in our bodies contain two sets of chromosomes (2x23=46) . Which types of cells each have…

A: Cells are the biological, structural and functional unit of an organism. Cell has a nucleus that…

Q: why The chromatids formed byrecombination within the inversion loop of a pericentric…

A: When the region between two breaks of the same chromosome rotate 180°, it results in chromosomal…

Q: Let's say that an experiment resulted in the production of several unattached kinetochores. What…

A: It includes cell division, replication and growth. All these processes should be carried out in a…

Q: How do translocations such as the Philadelphia chromosome contribute to cancer?

A: Translocations generate novel chromosomes, a segment from one chromosome is transferred to a…

Q: What are the “chiasms” of homologous chromosomes seen in prophase I?

A: Prophase I is a stage in meiosis.  Meiosis is a mode of cell division. In this a cell divides to…

Q: Plant A is 2n = 40, and plant B is 2n = 42. If crossed, they produce a hybrid plant. How many…

A: Plants are diploid (2n) in this situation, but the gametes produced would be haploid (n) in nature.…

Q: 7- What type of inversion has break points that flank the centromere? a) paracentric b) O…

A: Inversion is a phenomenon where chromosome rearrangement takes place, breakage and rearrangement…

Q: What are three events occurring in prophase that are undone in telophase?

A: In cell cycle, M phase or mitosis is the phase where the actual cell division process takes place.…

Q: What is a Pericentric inversion?

A: The chromosomes are the thread like structure that contains hereditary information in the form of…

Q: Why Interphase Polytene Chromosomes Arise by DNA Amplification?

A: The gene is the unit of heredity for all living entities. This resides in the form of chromosomes…

Q: What accounts for the different morphological and functional differences between cells that contain…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material responsible for the transfer of genetic…

Q: Define inversions

A: The variations in the chromosome structure arises because of the following four processes :…

Q: Where is the X and Y axis' found on a graph? When do you use a line graph, or bar graph , or pie…

A: It is very important to know how to represent data in a graph. A graph can show all the…

Q: What are long, brightly strong, threadlike bodies within the nucleus that carry genetic material?

A: Genes are the particular sequences of nucleotide arranged together on a chromosome. It is…

Q: The numbers of chromosomes in the somatic cells of several oat varieties are sand oats: 14; slender…

A: Answer. Oats are Avena plant species and belong to the grass family. a). The basic chromosome number…

Q: . In Figure 12.14, why do the nuclei resulting fromexperiment 2 contain different amounts of DNA?

A: to brush up with the cell cycle, we have 4 important phases: G1, S, G2 and M. in the G1 phase, all…

Q: a) What kind of thing went wrong with these chromosomes? Give a one-word (or two-word) answer. b)…

A: Here we see that,  non-homologous chromosomes are going through re-arrangements as they are…

Q: How does chromosome painting work?

A: Chromosome Painting, or FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) is the powerful method used to…

Q: 13) Use the image below of the X and Y sex chromosomes of a human to answer the following question.…

A: INTRODUCTION : Chromosomes - In the nucleus of every cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into…

Q: What is paramutation? What are the key features of this phenomenon?

A: The interaction of the alleles residing in the same locus and one of the alleles is capable of…

Q: What are regions of chromosomes (or even whole chromosomes) that are heterochromatic in some cells…

A: The chromosome is a threadlike structure that is present in the nucleus and it is made up of nucleic…

Q: centromeres consist which two sequences?

A: Centromere is the region in a chromosome that connects the sister chromatids together. Chromosome is…

Q: What could happen if the chromosomes stopped replicating?

A: DNA replication is a complex process that takes place during the cell division  whereaa DNA makes…

Q: Which letter is pointing at the centromere region? A C D

A: Introduction The given figures resemble that mitotic spindle microtubules from opposite poles attach…

Q: Why do some chromosomes display a higher incidence of amplification/deletion compared to others?

A: When the nucleotides sequences in the genome of an organism are altered or changed due to mistakes…

Q: (a) Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes during the passing of genetic…

A: Genetic materials of organisms, including DNA and RNA, helps in the storage, transmission, and…

Q: In one sentence, explain how the terms “gene,” “locus,” and “chromosome” are related.

A: Introduction  Genes are the main regulatory sequence of nucleotides found in the nucleus which…

Q: What are the "chiasms" of homologous chromosomes seen in prophase I?

A: Introduction:- Chromosomes condense and become visible inside the nucleus during prophase I.…

Oogenesis

The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase. 

Cell Division

Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons: