Consider the following reaction: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD 1,3bisphosphoglycerate + NADH. In this reaction, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is ___________. This reaction takes place in ___________. Select one: a. reduced, electron transport chain b. reduced, Citric Acid Cycle c. oxidized, Citric Acid Cycle d. oxidized, electron transport chain e. reduced, Calvin Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
In this reaction, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is ___________. This reaction takes place in ___________.
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a collection of protein complexes and other molecules that connect protons (H+ ions) through a membrane with the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox processes (both reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously). a group of proteins in the mitochondria's inner membrane. The ETC receives its electrons from NADH and FADH2 through the cooperation of four big multisubunit enzyme complexes and two mobile electron carriers. The electron transport chain contains a large number of membrane-bound enzymes.
An exergonic process is how electrons move via the electron transport chain. Adenosine triphosphate is synthesized as a result of an electrochemical proton gradient that is powered by the energy from the redox processes (ATP). In aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen serves as the ultimate electron acceptor, stopping the flow of electrons. Sulfate is one of the other electron acceptors employed in anaerobic respiration.
The difference in the Gibbs free energies of reactants and products drives the redox reactions in an electron transport chain. The complexes in the electron transport chain employ the free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products while electrons are moved from a lower to a higher redox potential to produce an electrochemical gradient of ions. This electrochemical gradient stimulates the connection of oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase, which in turn drives the synthesis of ATP.
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