Consider the following extended relational-algebra operators. Sort and hash each step. Semi-joining (): The multiset semijoin operator r's definition is as follows: if a tuple ri occurs n times in r, it appears n times in r's result if there is at least one tuple sj such that ri and sj meet predicate ; otherwise, ri does not appear.

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A potential method of analysis

The complexity of the algorithm model emphasizes the potential method. This method is useful for examining a data structure's amortized time and space complexity.