Consider the following DNA segment: 5’….ATGCCCGATCAGAGCTTT…3” 3’….TAGGGGCTAGTCTCGAAA…5’ A. How many Phosphodiester bonds are required to form this segment of double-stranded DNA? B. How many hydrogen bonds are present in this DNA segment?
Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
1. Consider the following DNA segment:
5’….ATGCCCGATCAGAGCTTT…3”
3’….TAGGGGCTAGTCTCGAAA…5’
A. How many Phosphodiester bonds are required to form this segment of double-stranded DNA?
B. How many hydrogen bonds are present in this DNA segment?
A nucleotide consists of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. A phosphodiester bond is formed between the 3' carbon atom of the sugar molecule in one nucleotide and the 5' carbon atom in another nucleotide. This results in a strong bond between a phosphate group and two five-carbon sugars as two ester bonds are formed. The phosphodiester bond is the backbone of the nucleotide strand and thus plays an important role in sustenance of life.
Hydrogen bonds are formed by electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom that is covalently attached to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. This type of bond is weaker than the ionic and the covalent bond but is stronger that the van der Waals force. DNA is a double stranded structure and the double stranded structure is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds that are formed between complementary base pairs located on either strands of the DNA.
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