Consider a long sewer pipe, half full of water, slopingdownward at angle θ . Antoine Chézy in 1768 determinedthat the average velocity of such an open channel fl owshould be V ≈ C √R tan θ , where R is the pipe radius andC is a constant. How does this famous formula relate to thesteady fl ow energy equation applied to a length L of thechannel?

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