Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Compare and contrast the appearance of the hydrogen bonds vs the covalent bonds in the picture above.
Introduction-
Covalent bond : It is the bond formed between two atoms by the mutual sharing of their valence electrons.
Intermolecular forces are those forces that are responsible for the molecules to be in their form. Some examples of intermolecular forces are Dipole-Dipole interaction, Vander waals forces, electrostatic force and Hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen-bond- It is the dipole dipole interaction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like Oxygen ,Nitrogen, Fluorine chlorine and so on.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Hydrogen bonding are two types of hydrogen bonding present. Intermolecular Hydrogen bonding is the one in which the bonding occurs in between the molecules where as Intramolecular Hydrogen bonding is the one in which the bonding occurs within the molecule.
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