Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Can you please show step by step how to do this on Lewis structuress on a piece of paper.
![### Part C: Lewis Structure Selection
#### Educational Task:
Choose the correct Lewis structure for the nitrate ion, \( NO_3^- \).
#### Options:
1. **Option A:**
- [::O: - :N:: - :O - :O::]^-
- Three oxygen atoms connected to a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom has one double bond with one oxygen atom and single bonds with the other two. Each single-bonded oxygen atom bears three lone pairs while the double-bonded oxygen has two lone pairs.
2. **Option B:**
- [::O: - :O - :N = :O::]^{2-}
- A structure with three oxygen atoms connected to one nitrogen atom where one oxygen has a double bond with the nitrogen and the nitrogen holds one single bond with another oxygen atoms, and a single bond with an oxygen atom with a negative charge.
3. **Option C:**
- [:O - N - :O - :O::]^{ }
- A nitrogen atom connected to three oxygen atoms with only single bonds. All three oxygen atoms have lone pairs around them. There are no charges indicated.
4. **Option D:**
- [::O: - :N - :O - :O::]
- Three oxygen atoms connected to a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom has a single bond with each oxygen atom. In this structure nitrogen is neutral and oxygen has lone pairs two of them have negative charge.
#### Instruction:
Click the "Submit" button after selecting the correct option to confirm your answer. If you are not sure, click "Request Answer" for assistance.
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**Diagrams Explanation:**
Each diagram represents a potential Lewis structure of the nitrate ion, \( NO_3^- \). A Lewis structure depicts the bonding between atoms within a molecule and illustrates the lone pairs of electrons that may exist.
#### Context:
- **Lewis Structure**: A system for representing the valence electrons in an atom using dots, reflecting how atoms bond to one another.
- **Nitrate Ion \( NO_3^- \)**: Contains one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms, carrying an overall negative charge.
Ensure to consider the formal charges and octet rule when determining the most accurate Lewis structure for any given molecule or ion.
#### Copyright:
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