Choose the best correct answer 1) A variable that is associated with both the outcome and the possible cause of the outcome is potentially A. Dependent variable C. Confounding variable B. Independent variable D. None of the choices 2) In a cross-sectional study on elderly hypertensive patients in Palestine. Which of the following should be considered an inclusion criterion for the sampling method? A. Being a teenager C. Being at higher risk to have hypertension D. Being an elderly Palestinian B. Being a diabetic patient 3) Objects ordered on a scale that has equal distances between points on the scale is an example of A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio 4) Self-administered questionnaire should be conducted in all of the following cases, except A. You do not want to allow respondents to clarify questions C. You want less bias in responses D. Respondents have poor literacy B. You want to provide anonymity to the respondents 5) Pilot study is conducted usually by the researchers themselves before the actual study to check all of the following, except A. Data collection tools C. The strengths of the study B. Sampling technique D. Reaction of respondents 6) In informed consent, items should include all of the following, except A. Confidentiality C. The option to withdraw anytime from the study B. Compensation for research injury D. Participation is involuntary 7) A representative sample should A. Define the study population C. Determines to whom the results of the study can apply B. Define the inclusion/exclusion criteria D. All answers are correct 8) Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling? A. Convenience sampling C. Stratified sampling B. Quota sampling D. Purposive sampling 9) In a cross-sectional study that was trying to find a correlation between smoking and anxiety. A P-value was found to be 0.03 in a 95% confidence interval; this would mean A. Smoking does not lead to anxiety B. Smoking and anxiety are correlated C. Smoking and anxiety are not correlated D. All of the answers are true 10) What does the term 'reliability' indicate? A. That the tool of data collection can be regarded as measuring accurately and consistently. B. That the researcher can be trusted. C. That the results are accurate. D. We can trust that the research has been carried out to a high standard. 11) A study began in 1970 with a group of 5000 adults in Delhi who were asked about their alcohol consumption. The occurrence of cancer was studied in this group between 1990-1995. This is an example for: A. Cross-Sectional Study C. Historical study B. Case-Control Study D. Prospective Cohort Study Which of the following variables is not classified as a nominal variable: A. Gender B. Blood group C. Smoking status (smoker, non-smoker) D. Student's grade 13) Choose the correct statement of the following: A. A pilot study should be conducted by trained data collectors B. Missing data is a limitation of using interviews for data collection C. Training data collectors should happen immediately prior to data collection D. Supervisors don't need to check on the trained data collectors once data collection starts 2