CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2e¯ → C2H5OH, with ECH, CHO =-0.19 V NAD+ + H+ + 2e¯ → NADH, with ENAD+ = -0.32 V 1. If acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and ethanol (C2H5OH) are mixed in the presence of NAD+ and NADH, a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction th occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation. 2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
CH3CHO + 2H+ + 2e¯ → C2H5OH, with ECH, CHO =-0.19 V NAD+ + H+ + 2e¯ → NADH, with ENAD+ = -0.32 V 1. If acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and ethanol (C2H5OH) are mixed in the presence of NAD+ and NADH, a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction th occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation. 2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry can be considered as a branch of thermodynamics that deals with the connections between warmth, work, and various types of energy, formed because of different synthetic and actual cycles. Thermochemistry describes the energy changes that occur as a result of reactions or chemical changes in a substance.
Exergonic Reaction
The term exergonic is derived from the Greek word in which ‘ergon’ means work and exergonic means ‘work outside’. Exergonic reactions releases work energy. Exergonic reactions are different from exothermic reactions, the one that releases only heat energy during the course of the reaction. So, exothermic reaction is one type of exergonic reaction. Exergonic reaction releases work energy in different forms like heat, light or sound. For example, a glow stick releases light making that an exergonic reaction and not an exothermic reaction since no heat is released. Even endothermic reactions at very high temperature are exergonic.
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![**Text Transcription for Educational Website**
---
**Chemical Reactions and Enzyme Activity**
**Chemical Equations:**
1. **Reduction of Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO):**
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{CHO} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} = -0.19 \, \text{V}
\]
2. **Reduction of NAD⁺:**
\[
\text{NAD}^+ + \text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{NADH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{NAD}^+} = -0.32 \, \text{V}
\]
**Questions:**
1. If acetaldehyde (\(\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}\)) and ethanol (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}\)) are mixed in the presence of \(\text{NAD}^+\) and \(\text{NADH}\), a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction that occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation.
2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
---
**Explanation of Concepts:**
- **Standard Electrode Potential (\(E^\circ\))**: This value indicates the tendency of a species to be reduced. A more negative \(E^\circ\) suggests a weaker tendency to gain electrons.
- **Spontaneity of Reactions**: The reaction with a higher (less negative) \(E^\circ\) value will proceed spontaneously as a reduction in the presence of the other half-reaction.
- **Enzyme Catalysis**: Enzymes can increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter the equilibrium position. At equilibrium,](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fb7ac6fd8-2751-4eb6-96a2-b067100eb5f4%2F9ff06aa4-dc71-4ca2-8988-16ca060ba24e%2Fvsj1dyw_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:**Text Transcription for Educational Website**
---
**Chemical Reactions and Enzyme Activity**
**Chemical Equations:**
1. **Reduction of Acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO):**
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{CHO} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}} = -0.19 \, \text{V}
\]
2. **Reduction of NAD⁺:**
\[
\text{NAD}^+ + \text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \rightarrow \text{NADH}, \quad \text{with } E^\circ_{\text{NAD}^+} = -0.32 \, \text{V}
\]
**Questions:**
1. If acetaldehyde (\(\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}\)) and ethanol (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_5\text{OH}\)) are mixed in the presence of \(\text{NAD}^+\) and \(\text{NADH}\), a chemical reaction starts. Use the information above to determine the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction that occurs spontaneously. Explain how you know that your reaction proceeds spontaneously in the direction indicated in your chemical equation.
2. In the liver, the enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. If the reaction is allowed to proceed until equilibrium is established, how would the reaction mixture respond to the addition of the enzyme? Explain your reasoning.
---
**Explanation of Concepts:**
- **Standard Electrode Potential (\(E^\circ\))**: This value indicates the tendency of a species to be reduced. A more negative \(E^\circ\) suggests a weaker tendency to gain electrons.
- **Spontaneity of Reactions**: The reaction with a higher (less negative) \(E^\circ\) value will proceed spontaneously as a reduction in the presence of the other half-reaction.
- **Enzyme Catalysis**: Enzymes can increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter the equilibrium position. At equilibrium,
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