Please explain the mechanism **Title: Understanding G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling****G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Mechanism:**1. **Binding of Norepinephrine:** - Norepinephrine binds to a GPCR located on the cell membrane in the extracellular fluid.2. **Activation of G Protein:** - The binding induces a conformational change in the receptor, activating the G protein by facilitating the exchange of GDP for GTP on the α subunit.3. **Interaction with Adenylyl Cyclase:** - The activated G protein (GTP-bound α subunit) interacts with adenylyl cyclase, an enzyme embedded in the membrane, activating it.4. **Conversion of ATP to cAMP:** - Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), a secondary messenger.5. **Activation of Protein Kinases:** - cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase by removing an inhibitory subunit, facilitating further cellular responses.6. **Phosphorylation Processes:** - The active cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates specific membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, affecting their activity and function. - It can also enter the nucleus to phosphorylate nuclear proteins, influencing gene expression.This signaling pathway showcases how extracellular signals, like hormones, can induce intracellular effects by modulating the activity of proteins through phosphorylation, leading to various cellular responses.

The diagram shows the signal transduction of the hormone norepimephrine secreted from the adrenal…

Celular Suid nipinephrine ed plasm G protein GOP D GTP Nucleus Adenylyl cyclase GTP CAMP-dependent protein kinase inactive) ATP membrane protein CAMP 5-AMP Phosphorylate nuclear proteins CAMP-dependent protein kinase lactive) Phosphorylite membrane proteins Phosphorylate cytoplasmic proteins

Celular Suid nipinephrine ed plasm G protein GOP D GTP Nucleus Adenylyl cyclase GTP CAMP-dependent protein kinase inactive) ATP membrane protein CAMP 5-AMP Phosphorylate nuclear proteins CAMP-dependent protein kinase lactive) Phosphorylite membrane proteins Phosphorylate cytoplasmic proteins

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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