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Can you please annotate the two images attached. • Highlight information • Make notes in margins about main ideas, questions etc. Send a picture of the parts where you annotated Please answer fast

Can you please annotate the two images attached. • Highlight information • Make notes in margins about main ideas, questions etc. Send a picture of the parts where you annotated Please answer fast

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Can you please annotate the two images attached. • Highlight information • Make notes in margins about main ideas, questions etc. Send a picture of the parts where you annotated Please answer fast
82 L. M. Rueda and R. C. Axtell parameters estimated by a method outlined by Wagner et al. (1984) for use in the nonlinear regression (NLIN) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). Median (fiftieth percentile) rates were used rather than mean rates, because median rates are required in the calculation of the developmental distribution using the approach of Stinner et al. (1975) (see below). Once the parameters are determined, the equation can be used to calculate development rates at any temperature and used in a population simulation model with variable temperature input. The biological significance of these parameters is discussed by Schoolfield et al. (1981). Model parameters were estimated for eggs, larvae, pupae, and total development time (from egg hatch to adult emergence). In each case the goodness of fit was determined by linear regres- sion of the observed with the predicted values to calculate R² and was tested for a slope of 1 and intercept of 0 using the linear regression (REG) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). Because development rates of insects exposed to constant tem- peratures vary among the individuals and cannot be assumed to be normally distributed, the method of Stinner et al. (1975) was used to construct a model for variation of total time from egg hatch to emergence of adult beetles. The concepts of physiologi- cal time and the distribution of development over a physiologi- cal time scale is discussed in Wagner et al. (1984) and Wilhoit et al. (1991). The data for the three larval densities were pooled for each temperature. For each temperature, median physiologi- cal ages at first and last emergence were calculated. These physi- ological ages were averaged over all temperatures, resulting in a median of 0.79 at first emergence and 1.26 at 100% emergence. By definition. 50% emergence occurs at a median physiological age of 1.0. The cumulative proportion of the beetle population completing development (y) at median physiological age (p) is described by the following (Equation 2): y = (1-²6350² (2) where z = (1.26-p)/(1.26-0.79). The parameter value (2.6350) was estimated using the nonlinear regression (NLIN) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). The distribution of beetle development is expressed, thus, as a function of the median development time. The relationship of development to physiological age based on this median time is constant regardless of temperature. The scale of physiological age is arbitrarily set with 50% of the insect popu- lation emerging at a physiological age of 1.0. The median physi- ological age at any time at each temperature was determined by multiplying the estimated median rate of development at that temperature by the time for emergence (days). This was plotted against the cumulative proportion of individuals completing development to the next life stage. Results and Discussion Egg, larval and pupal development The observed development times (mean and median) and the predicted medians calculated from the Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) model (Equation 1 and parameter estimates in Table 1) for A.diaperinus are given in Table 2. Incubation times of the Table 1. Estimated parameter values for the Sharpe & DeMichele model (Equation 1) for temperature-dependent median rate of development for the eggs, larvae and pupae of Alphitobus diaperinus. Life stage HA ΤΗ 17056.3 311.7 ni 41307.8 Eggs Larvae Pupae Immature* 302.0 20787.5 310.3 35556.8 303.6 Total 30522.8 305.5 Egg hatch to adult emergence. Oviposition to adult emergence. Larva RH025 Temp. Life stage (FC) Egg Pupa 0.14540 0.02833 0.12078 0.02180 0.01778 Table 2. Mean. median and predicted (Equation 1) median number of days for development of Alphitobius diaperinus from egg to adult emer- gence at five constant temperatures (20-38°C). Immature Total 20 25 30 35 38 20 25 30 35 38 20 25 30 35 38 294 645 779 755 706 294 645 779 755 706 294 645 779 35 755 38 706 20 25 30 20 25 n' 30 35 38 304 360 431 404 393 358 693 859 815 795 13.59 ± 0.02a 6.07 ± 0.02b 4.38±0.01c 2.62 ± 0.01d 2.70 ± 0.01e Days to complete each life stage Observed mean (SE): 13.40 5.99 4.41 Observed Predicted median median 2.56 2.56 134.55 ± 0.29a 45.77 + 12b 26.17 ± 0.07c 26.21 21.88 0.09d 22.42 23.76±0.10e 23.92 133.00 45.99 HH 16.810.17a 17.02 7.96±0.06b 8.02 424754.8 50930.5 47111.4 48019.3 45727.3 5.49±0.3c 5.48 4.03±0.03d 4.01 4.12 0.03d 4.08 150.62±0.32a 150.96 53.78 0.13b 54.00 31.66 ± 0.07c 32.34 25.94±0.10d 26.41 27.84 ± 0.10e 28.54 164.240.16a 164.36 59.94±0.07b 60.17 36.08 ± 0.04c 37.88 28.74 +0.04d 28.96 30.65±0.05e 30.76 11.43 6.88 4.21 2.61 2.56 126.89 46.93 25.95 22.62 23.80 15.49 8.64 5.31 4.05 4.06 137.44 56.56 31.65 26.82 28.27 143.43 64.91 36.65 29.49 30.50 * Immature means egg hatch to adult emergence and total means oviposition to adult emergence. *Total number completing each file stage (Note: There was no egg hatch or larval development at 17°C). . Means followed by the same letter within each life stage category are not significantly different (P=0.05, Tukey's test: SAS Institute, 1988). 1996 Blackwell Science Ltd, Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10: 80-86
Transcribed Image Text:82 L. M. Rueda and R. C. Axtell parameters estimated by a method outlined by Wagner et al. (1984) for use in the nonlinear regression (NLIN) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). Median (fiftieth percentile) rates were used rather than mean rates, because median rates are required in the calculation of the developmental distribution using the approach of Stinner et al. (1975) (see below). Once the parameters are determined, the equation can be used to calculate development rates at any temperature and used in a population simulation model with variable temperature input. The biological significance of these parameters is discussed by Schoolfield et al. (1981). Model parameters were estimated for eggs, larvae, pupae, and total development time (from egg hatch to adult emergence). In each case the goodness of fit was determined by linear regres- sion of the observed with the predicted values to calculate R² and was tested for a slope of 1 and intercept of 0 using the linear regression (REG) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). Because development rates of insects exposed to constant tem- peratures vary among the individuals and cannot be assumed to be normally distributed, the method of Stinner et al. (1975) was used to construct a model for variation of total time from egg hatch to emergence of adult beetles. The concepts of physiologi- cal time and the distribution of development over a physiologi- cal time scale is discussed in Wagner et al. (1984) and Wilhoit et al. (1991). The data for the three larval densities were pooled for each temperature. For each temperature, median physiologi- cal ages at first and last emergence were calculated. These physi- ological ages were averaged over all temperatures, resulting in a median of 0.79 at first emergence and 1.26 at 100% emergence. By definition. 50% emergence occurs at a median physiological age of 1.0. The cumulative proportion of the beetle population completing development (y) at median physiological age (p) is described by the following (Equation 2): y = (1-²6350² (2) where z = (1.26-p)/(1.26-0.79). The parameter value (2.6350) was estimated using the nonlinear regression (NLIN) procedure (SAS Institute, 1988). The distribution of beetle development is expressed, thus, as a function of the median development time. The relationship of development to physiological age based on this median time is constant regardless of temperature. The scale of physiological age is arbitrarily set with 50% of the insect popu- lation emerging at a physiological age of 1.0. The median physi- ological age at any time at each temperature was determined by multiplying the estimated median rate of development at that temperature by the time for emergence (days). This was plotted against the cumulative proportion of individuals completing development to the next life stage. Results and Discussion Egg, larval and pupal development The observed development times (mean and median) and the predicted medians calculated from the Sharpe & DeMichele (1977) model (Equation 1 and parameter estimates in Table 1) for A.diaperinus are given in Table 2. Incubation times of the Table 1. Estimated parameter values for the Sharpe & DeMichele model (Equation 1) for temperature-dependent median rate of development for the eggs, larvae and pupae of Alphitobus diaperinus. Life stage HA ΤΗ 17056.3 311.7 ni 41307.8 Eggs Larvae Pupae Immature* 302.0 20787.5 310.3 35556.8 303.6 Total 30522.8 305.5 Egg hatch to adult emergence. Oviposition to adult emergence. Larva RH025 Temp. Life stage (FC) Egg Pupa 0.14540 0.02833 0.12078 0.02180 0.01778 Table 2. Mean. median and predicted (Equation 1) median number of days for development of Alphitobius diaperinus from egg to adult emer- gence at five constant temperatures (20-38°C). Immature Total 20 25 30 35 38 20 25 30 35 38 20 25 30 35 38 294 645 779 755 706 294 645 779 755 706 294 645 779 35 755 38 706 20 25 30 20 25 n' 30 35 38 304 360 431 404 393 358 693 859 815 795 13.59 ± 0.02a 6.07 ± 0.02b 4.38±0.01c 2.62 ± 0.01d 2.70 ± 0.01e Days to complete each life stage Observed mean (SE): 13.40 5.99 4.41 Observed Predicted median median 2.56 2.56 134.55 ± 0.29a 45.77 + 12b 26.17 ± 0.07c 26.21 21.88 0.09d 22.42 23.76±0.10e 23.92 133.00 45.99 HH 16.810.17a 17.02 7.96±0.06b 8.02 424754.8 50930.5 47111.4 48019.3 45727.3 5.49±0.3c 5.48 4.03±0.03d 4.01 4.12 0.03d 4.08 150.62±0.32a 150.96 53.78 0.13b 54.00 31.66 ± 0.07c 32.34 25.94±0.10d 26.41 27.84 ± 0.10e 28.54 164.240.16a 164.36 59.94±0.07b 60.17 36.08 ± 0.04c 37.88 28.74 +0.04d 28.96 30.65±0.05e 30.76 11.43 6.88 4.21 2.61 2.56 126.89 46.93 25.95 22.62 23.80 15.49 8.64 5.31 4.05 4.06 137.44 56.56 31.65 26.82 28.27 143.43 64.91 36.65 29.49 30.50 * Immature means egg hatch to adult emergence and total means oviposition to adult emergence. *Total number completing each file stage (Note: There was no egg hatch or larval development at 17°C). . Means followed by the same letter within each life stage category are not significantly different (P=0.05, Tukey's test: SAS Institute, 1988). 1996 Blackwell Science Ltd, Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10: 80-86
beetle eggs were influenced by temperature (F= 70083; df = 4. 1891; P = 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in the number of days required for egg development from 20°C to 35°C, and a significant increase at 38°C (P = 0.05; Tukey's test). Larval development times were influenced by temperature (F= 9999; df = 4, 3519; P=0.0001). These development times. were significantly greatest at 20°C and lowest at 35°C. Pupal de- velopment times also were influenced by temperature (F = 5986; df = 4, 3178; P = 0.0001). These development times significantly decreased from 20°C to 35°C, but there was no further significant. decrease at 38°C. There was a significant decrease in the number of days required for immature development (egg hatch to adult emergence) and total development (oviposition to adult emergence) from 20°C to 35°C, and a significant increase at 38°C (P = 0.05: Tukey's test). Therefore there was ample evidence of high temperature inhibition of development. Density effect on development Larval development times were significantly lower at density of 1 larva per gram than at densities of 3 or 6 larvae per gram at 30°C to 38°C, but not at 20°C and 25°C when analysed separately by temperature. No significant differences in larval development occurred between 3 and 6 larvae per gram at any of the temperature (P = 0.05; Tukey's test) (Fig. 1) Pupal development times were not influenced by the density levels of larvae preceding pupation. DEVELOPMENTAL TIME (DAYS) 140 120 100 80- 60- 40 20 25 1 LARVA PER G 3 LARVAE PER G B6 LARVAE PER G 30 35 TEMPERATURE C 38 Fig. 1. Mean number of days for larval development of Alphitobius diaperinus reared at three densities (1, 3 and 6 larvae per gram of medium) at each of five constant temperatures (°C). Developmental functions. The temperature-dependent median development rates of A.diaperinus were well described by the Sharpe & DeMichele model (Equation 1) incorporating high temperature inhibition CUMULATIVE PROPORTION DEVELOPED 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 1996 Blackwell Science Ltd. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10: 80-86 02 0.0 0.8 Alphitobius diaperinus development 83 1.0 1.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE 0.9 + DX4 25 C 30 C 35 C A 38 C 1.2 1.3 Fig. 2. Cumulative proportion of Alphitobius diaperinus population completing development from egg hatch to adult emergence as a function of median physiological age (see text). The line represents predicted distribution, calculated by the method of Stinner et al. (1975). The points represent observed data at five temperatures (°C). (estimated parameters in Table 1). Development rates estimated by the model correlated well with the observed rates for the eggs, larvae, pupae, and total immature development (from egg hatch to adult emergence). In all cases, linear regression of predicted versus observed development rates gave an R2 greater than 0.98 and a slope and intercept not significantly different from 1 and 0, respectively. This indicated that the models fit the data well. Alphitobius diaperinus larvae, pupae and total immatures reached maximum observed and predicted median development rates at 35°C and at 38°C for the egg stage. The predicted (according to the method by Stinner et al., 1975) and observed cumulative proportion of individuals completing development (from egg hatch to adult emergence) as a function of estimated physiological age is described by a single equation (Equation 2) and shown in Fig. 2. The predicted total develop- ment median rates were low at 20°C and slightly high at 35°C. Survival of eggs, larvae and pupae The highest proportion of eggs hatched at 30°C (86%) and lowest hatch was at 20°C (61%) ( P = 0.05; Tukey's test) (Table 3). No egg hatch and larval development occurred at 17°C. Lar- val survival was lowest overall at 20°C (32 %). The survival rates of total immatures (egg hatch to adult emergence) were similar to those of the larvae. Pupal survival rates were significantly higher at 25 and 35°C than at 20, 30 and 38°C. The proportions of total mortality, averaged over all temperatures, which occurred during each life stage were about 40%, 39% and 8% for eggs. larvae and pupae, respectively. Density effects on survival Differences in survival of the larvae held at three densities at the various temperatures were mostly small and not significant
Transcribed Image Text:beetle eggs were influenced by temperature (F= 70083; df = 4. 1891; P = 0.0001). There was a significant decrease in the number of days required for egg development from 20°C to 35°C, and a significant increase at 38°C (P = 0.05; Tukey's test). Larval development times were influenced by temperature (F= 9999; df = 4, 3519; P=0.0001). These development times. were significantly greatest at 20°C and lowest at 35°C. Pupal de- velopment times also were influenced by temperature (F = 5986; df = 4, 3178; P = 0.0001). These development times significantly decreased from 20°C to 35°C, but there was no further significant. decrease at 38°C. There was a significant decrease in the number of days required for immature development (egg hatch to adult emergence) and total development (oviposition to adult emergence) from 20°C to 35°C, and a significant increase at 38°C (P = 0.05: Tukey's test). Therefore there was ample evidence of high temperature inhibition of development. Density effect on development Larval development times were significantly lower at density of 1 larva per gram than at densities of 3 or 6 larvae per gram at 30°C to 38°C, but not at 20°C and 25°C when analysed separately by temperature. No significant differences in larval development occurred between 3 and 6 larvae per gram at any of the temperature (P = 0.05; Tukey's test) (Fig. 1) Pupal development times were not influenced by the density levels of larvae preceding pupation. DEVELOPMENTAL TIME (DAYS) 140 120 100 80- 60- 40 20 25 1 LARVA PER G 3 LARVAE PER G B6 LARVAE PER G 30 35 TEMPERATURE C 38 Fig. 1. Mean number of days for larval development of Alphitobius diaperinus reared at three densities (1, 3 and 6 larvae per gram of medium) at each of five constant temperatures (°C). Developmental functions. The temperature-dependent median development rates of A.diaperinus were well described by the Sharpe & DeMichele model (Equation 1) incorporating high temperature inhibition CUMULATIVE PROPORTION DEVELOPED 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 1996 Blackwell Science Ltd. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 10: 80-86 02 0.0 0.8 Alphitobius diaperinus development 83 1.0 1.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE 0.9 + DX4 25 C 30 C 35 C A 38 C 1.2 1.3 Fig. 2. Cumulative proportion of Alphitobius diaperinus population completing development from egg hatch to adult emergence as a function of median physiological age (see text). The line represents predicted distribution, calculated by the method of Stinner et al. (1975). The points represent observed data at five temperatures (°C). (estimated parameters in Table 1). Development rates estimated by the model correlated well with the observed rates for the eggs, larvae, pupae, and total immature development (from egg hatch to adult emergence). In all cases, linear regression of predicted versus observed development rates gave an R2 greater than 0.98 and a slope and intercept not significantly different from 1 and 0, respectively. This indicated that the models fit the data well. Alphitobius diaperinus larvae, pupae and total immatures reached maximum observed and predicted median development rates at 35°C and at 38°C for the egg stage. The predicted (according to the method by Stinner et al., 1975) and observed cumulative proportion of individuals completing development (from egg hatch to adult emergence) as a function of estimated physiological age is described by a single equation (Equation 2) and shown in Fig. 2. The predicted total develop- ment median rates were low at 20°C and slightly high at 35°C. Survival of eggs, larvae and pupae The highest proportion of eggs hatched at 30°C (86%) and lowest hatch was at 20°C (61%) ( P = 0.05; Tukey's test) (Table 3). No egg hatch and larval development occurred at 17°C. Lar- val survival was lowest overall at 20°C (32 %). The survival rates of total immatures (egg hatch to adult emergence) were similar to those of the larvae. Pupal survival rates were significantly higher at 25 and 35°C than at 20, 30 and 38°C. The proportions of total mortality, averaged over all temperatures, which occurred during each life stage were about 40%, 39% and 8% for eggs. larvae and pupae, respectively. Density effects on survival Differences in survival of the larvae held at three densities at the various temperatures were mostly small and not significant
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