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Calculate the spring constant (k) of an Au single-atom chain (N = 1), given by ∆F = k∆x, where ∆F is the breakdown force that is required to break a single-atom chain, and ∆x is the distance that a single-atom chain can be stretched until breakdown.

20
AFM cantilever
cantilever beam
15
gold sample
gold tip
10
(a)
(b)
AF
-2
-6
-8
-10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
tip displacement (nm)
conductance (2e/h)
force (nN)
2.

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