I Characteristi QUESTION 5 One of the hypotheses explaining abiotic synthesis of life proposes the following Ca That single-celled organisms first arose during the Cambrian explosion b. Life originated through the polymerization of monomers in a substrate such as clay Oc. Early life evolved pathways of using energy from their surroundings Hydrothermal vents create the conditions that would promote the formation of molecules needed for ife, such as releasing reduced molecules d. e. That the protocells were created by meteorite strikes on Earth

in 1967, Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiotic theory. As seen in the diagram below, the endosymbiotic theory describes how over thousands of years, free-living prokaryotes formed living communities inside larger ancestral prokaryotic cells. Today, we identify those early free-living prokaryotes as the mitochondria, chioroplasts, and possibly other organelles. Endesymbietic Theery How did the development of Margulis' theory aid in our understanding of how complex organisms came into existence? A. It provided an explanation as to why prokaryotic cells do not have a nucdeus. B. It provides an explanation as to why bacteria and mitochondria are similar in size. C. It provides an explanation of how life today could have originated from a single cell. D. It provides an explanation of how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells use oxygen to work.

Give a Explanation Detailed Solution

Using the image in step 3 in what type of metabolic reactions does it occur?

It is not so difficult to imagine what it means to feedon the organic molecules that living things produce. Thatis, after all, what we do. But what does it mean to “feed” onsunlight, as phototrophs do? Or, even stranger, to “feed” onrocks, as lithotrophs do? Where is the “food,” for example,in the mixture of chemicals (H2S, H2, CO, Mn+, Fe2+, Ni2+,CH4, and NH4+) that spews from a hydrothermal vent?

draw  Venn diagram of E. coli core and pangenomes

Autotrophs harvest energy directly from the environment and store it in the form of sugars and other carbohydrate. They and all other organisms use energy stored in sugars to power various endergonic reactions that sustain life. Identify the two cellular process responsible for products described in the figure. Explain the role of each product listed in the processes. A prolonged drought with record-breaking temperatures occurs in the Pacific Northwest. Predict the impact on the cellular processes described in the figure. Justify your response.

The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?

Order the events relative to one another based on when each occurred in the fossil record. Earlier Later

Choose the word that corresponds to the definition. v A chemical that contains a carbon double bonded to an oxygen as well as a hydroxyl group. Vinegar, for example. v A speculative explanation for how life emerged from non-life that assumes an abiotic origin for ribonucleic acids. These chemicals exhibit self-organization and replication which eventually proceeds to develop into protocells as a precursor to the first lifeforms. v The concept that describes whether a particular location (especially a planet) can sustain life. v Organisms that thrive at temperatures lower than 250 K. v The characteristic of certain objects (especially chemicals) that is associated with distinct mirror-image forms. This is also a feature of left and right hands on a human being, for example. v One of the classes of molecules that is essential to life. It is characterized by a phosphate-sugar backbone chemically bonded to base pairs that encode biological information. v A measure of distance that uses a…