46. Glucose is an essential substrate for metabolism of most cells. Because glücosmolecule, transport through biological membranes requires specific transport proteins. GLLUT4 isone of glucose transporters. GLUT4 become associated withactivation of Akt in response to insulin signaling, and transport glucose to cytoplasm from bloodvessel. GLUT4 is primarily found in muscle cells and adipose tissue. The mechanism of glucosetransport by GLUT4 isa) plasma membranes; facilitated transportb) plasma membranes; ligand-gated channelc) vesicles; facilitated transportd) vesicles; ligand-gated channele) vesicles; voltage-gated channelYour answer:upon the

GLUT4 transport mechanism is insulin dependent transport receptor for the glucose molecules. This…

Answered: 46. Glucose is an essential substrate…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Which of the following statements concerning cholesterol regulation is true? (A) SREBP localizes to the ER when cellular cholesterol levels are low.(B) HMG CoA reductase degradation is inhibited when exogenous cholesterol is plentiful.(C) Binding of cholesterol to SREBP causes SREBP to move to the nucleus.(D) Low cellular energy triggers phosphorylation and inhibition of HMG CoA reductase.(E) SREBP binds to a sterol regulatory element in the HMG-CoA reductase gene promoter to decrease gene expression.
During stressful situations, some cells in the body convertglycogen to glucose. What effect does this conversion haveon cellular osmotic balance? Explain how cells handle thissituation.
Glucagon The function of glucagon is in promoting energy release and inhibiting energy storage in response to low circulating glucose levels, which are largely controlled by insulin [24]. Besides its role in blood–glucose regulation, patients treated with glucagon receptor an tagonists (GRA) often suffer from dyslipidemia, fatty liver and weight gain, suggesting that glucagon play an important role in lipid metabolism [25]. Glucagon acts mainly on the hepatocytes which possess the highest level of glucagon receptors. Following mecha nisms may be involved during this process: (1) At the molecular level, following glucagon binding to its receptor on the hepatocyte, cAMP will be activated and accumulated, which in turn activates cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB). As a result, the tran scription of carnitine acyl transferase (CPT-1) increases, which converts fatty acids into acylcarnitine and activates β-oxidation-increasing fatty acid catabolism [26]. In addition,…
Differentiate fatty acid synthesis and degradation in terms of the following: Fatty acid synthesis Fatty acid degradation a. Subcellular location b. End product c. Co-factors d. Carriers of acyl/acetyl groups between the mitochondria and the cytosol
28. Sucrose in human nutrition is hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components by sucrase. Glucose can enter directly in cellular respiration while fructose is predominantly metabolized in the liver as illustrated in the figure below. Suppose 180 molecules of sucrose are to be catabolized, what is the net ATP production during glycolysis considering both substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation of NADH shuttled by malate and aspartate to the mitochondrion? [Hint: Sum of net ATP yield in substrate-level phosphorylation and ATP from glycolytic NADH] Fructose Glucose Glycogen ATP- ATP- ADP4 ADP+ hexokinase glucokinase Glucose-6-P→→→→→ Glucose-1-P Fructose-6-P Fructose-1,6-BP fructokinase rapid Fructose-1-P Rate aldolase B limiting Dihydroxyacetone-P Glyceraldehyde ATP- triose kinase ADP Glyceraldehyde-3-P Liver Also intestinal cells and kidney cortex O a. 810 ATP O b. 1260 ATP O c. 1800 ATP d. 2520 ATP PFK-1 Dihydroxy- acetone-P Lactate F1,6bisphosphatase…
Glucocorticoids (GC) are stress hormones that modulate glucose homeostasis. One effect is to reduce glucose uptake from the bloodstream into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, to increase the catabolism of expendable proteins in the skeletal muscle, and to increase gluconeogenesis in the liver. Why are these metabolic adaptations important during stressful situations, like fasting/starvation? Predict how the glucocorticoid cortisol will affect blood urea concentrations.
Mitochondria were isolated from a rat heart. Figure 4 shows the relationship between palmitoyl carnithine I activity (determined by [H] palmitoyl carnithine production) and the concentration of malonyl CoA. Using this result explain the effect of malonyl CoA on fatty acid breakdown. 10 10 15 2.0 2.5 Malonyl CoA (uM) Figure 4 ['H]palmitoyl carnitine production (nmol/min/mg protein)
Digoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin's mechanism of action is to Inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast O Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal O Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine O Failure to transport Cl" out of the cell using direct active transport
During the initial in vitro studies on fatty acid synthesis, experiments were performed to determine which buffer would result in optimal activity. Bicarbonate buffer proved far superior to phosphate buffer. The researchers could not initially account for this result. From your perspective of many decades later, explain why the result is not surprising
4) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a highly regulated enzyme in glycolysis. ADP (and also AMP - adenosine monophosphate) bind to allosteric sites on PFK's structure, causing additional active sites (fructose-6-phosphate binding sites) to open. Conversely, ATP and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) bind to different allosteric sites, resulting in PFK's active sites closing. a) How does an allosteric activator work? What is the allosteric activator? When would it be important for PFK to be activated? Function: Allosteric Activator(s): Importance: b) How does an allosteric inhibitor work? What is the allosteric inhibitor? When would it be important for PFK to be inhibited? Function: Allosteric Inhibitor(s): Importance: c) How does this relate to the ideas of homeostasis and why does it make sense to control this system homeostatically? Use a specific example to make your comparison.
It has been shown recently that the African naked GLUT5-O Fructose mole-rat can withstand up to 18 min of complete anoxia (ab- sence of O2) in the presence of high levels of CO2 without ap- parent brain damage. The basis of its capacity to tolerate such unusual conditions is that the brain, heart, and liver in the mole- rat switch to fructose-driven glycolysis. In contrast to normal mice, these tissues in the naked mole-rat have high levels of GLUT5 specific for cellular uptake of fructose. The available pathways for breakdown of fruct ose for metabolic energy production are shown on the right. KHK stands for ketohexosekinase, an enzyme that is markedly upregulated in the mole-rat compared to normal mice. Conse- quently mice must metabolize fructose largely via hexokinase (HK). In the diagram ALDOB, ALDOA, etc. represent aldolase isozymes. KHK HK Fructose-6-P PFK Fructose-1-P Fructose-1,6-BP ALDOB ALDOC ALDOA ALDOC Glyceraldehyde DHAP GAЗP Glyc-3-P 3-PGA Lactate Pyruvate mouse naked…
Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate. The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

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