46. Glucose is an essential substrate for metabolism of most cells. Because glücosmolecule, transport through biological membranes requires specific transport proteins. GLLUT4 isone of glucose transporters. GLUT4 become associated withactivation of Akt in response to insulin signaling, and transport glucose to cytoplasm from bloodvessel. GLUT4 is primarily found in muscle cells and adipose tissue. The mechanism of glucosetransport by GLUT4 isa) plasma membranes; facilitated transportb) plasma membranes; ligand-gated channelc) vesicles; facilitated transportd) vesicles; ligand-gated channele) vesicles; voltage-gated channelYour answer:upon the

GLUT4 transport mechanism is insulin dependent transport receptor for the glucose molecules. This…

Answered: 46. Glucose is an essential substrate…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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3. Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) catalyzes the movement of a single proton to interconvert dihy- droxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The enzyme, a dimer of identical subunits that are 248 amino acids in humans, has no cofactors, required metal ions, or cooperativity between subunits. The enzyme is found in all tissues. The value of Kcat/KM - 9.2 x 106 sec-'M-1 is close to the rate constant expected for a diffusion-limited reaction. The mechanism of the proton transfer is illustrated in the diagram below. Glu-165 Giu-165 Glu-165 ks HR H 20,PO HO, OH His-95 His-95 His-95 (a) ing structural formulas and naming enzymes and glycolytic intermediates, the reactions of the payoff phase. Consider only anerobic glycolysis. Remember that each glucose molecule yields two mole- cules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). Indicate the net yield of ATP and NADH generated through anaerobic glycolysis per glucose molecule. The reaction catalyzed by…
1. The first step in the payoff phase of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that contains a nucleophilic cysteine playing a central role in the reaction. A) In the direction of gluconeogenesis, what reaction does this enzyme catalyze? AG° = -6.3 kcal/mol for this reaction in the direction of gluconeogenesis. Based on what you know about the substrates involved, provide two chemical reasons as to why the AGO of this reaction is negative.
1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.
5. How does the epinephrine hormone regulate glycogen catabolism in the liver and muscle? Please provide sequential steps involved in the regulation (inhibition or activation) of each enzyme in the form of a sketch.
4. (a) duced in large part by cells in the liver via a specialized metabolic program called gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is often incorrectly described as "glycolysis in reverse". Compare and contrast the enzymes and reactions that drive gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Several mammalian tissues rely on a steady supply of glucose in the bloodstream pro-
The transport system of lactose in E.coli is shown below: Lactose transporter H+ H+ Lactose (outside) H+ H+ H+ H+ Proton pump H* + ++ Lactose (inside) ADP + P, H* H+ ATP H* A) For each of the following statements determine if they are true (T) or false (F). • The primary active transport of H" via proton pump, establishes a proton gradient across the membrane. 1 Select ) • The intracellular pH is lower than the extracellular pH. [Select] - Lactose transporter is an example of antiport. Select] Transport of lactose against its concentration gradient is entirely dependent on inflow of H" down their electrochemical gradient. ISelect] B) What would happen with the transport of Lactose if an antimicrobial agent triclosan is added? Triclosan is a proton onophore. I Select]
Which statements are true of glycogen synthesis and breakdown (select all that apply)? O Under normal circumstances, glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown occur simultaneously and at high rates. O Synthesis is catalyzed by a different enzyme from the one that catalyzes breakdown. O The glycogen molecule "grows" at its reducing end. O Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme. O The immediate product of glycogen breakdown is free glucose.
The average cell, at rest, hydrolyzes 10,000, 000 ATP molecules per second. You are studying the stem cell population found in the intestinal Crypts. In the intestine there are s total 5 x 1011 cell number. The stem cells have a 85% higher metabolism than an average resting cell. ATP hydrolysis yield 7.4 kCal/ Mole ATP. (Avogadro’s number is 6.023 x 1023) 1) How many moles of ATP are hydrolyzed per second? A) 15.3 moles/ sec. B) 7.06 x 10-6 moles/ sec. C) 5.4 x 10-2 moles/ sec. D) 25 moles/ sec. E) 225 moles/hour F) none of these
Within a cell, the complete breakdown of glucose to generate ATP occurs by two fundamentally different mechanisms. Name and briefly describe these mechanisms.
Protein: complex I, Role: Complex I is the first enzyme complex involved in oxidizing NADH as part of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is the penultimate step in cellular respiration occurring across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Where is this protein synthesized? Be as specific as possible and briefly explain your choice
Describe with detail the chemical reactions of 5 proteins that are involved in human metabolic disorders. Explain in detail the interaction mechanisms with their corresponding substrates, their reaction mechanisms, and chemical regulations.
Carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes (Mr 30,000) has one of the highest turnover numbers known. It catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO₂. H₂O + CO₂ 2 H₂CO3 This is an important process in the transport of CO₂ from the tissues to the lungs. If 5 µg of pure carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the hydration of 0.35 g of CO₂ in 1 min at 37 °C at Vmax, what is the turnover number (kcat) of carbonic anhydrase? Kcat 2.0466 ×107 Incorrect min-1

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