Based on only what is depicted in this cladogram, what is the most parsimonious explanation for the presence of venom in snakes and monitor lizards assuming none of the other taxa are venomous? Why?

Q: Imagine you are a paleontologist trying to find the “missing link” between different species. In…

A: Evolution is defined as the gradual changes in the characteristics of the species over period of…

Q: Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has…

A: The mutation is the sudden deleterious effects in the DNA sequences, they can arise when the DNA is…

Q: The figure shows a phylogenetic tree of various members of the order Proboscidea, which includes…

A: A phylogenetic tree in taxonomy shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms. Branching…

Q: In the example below, the letters represent amino acids that make up a polypeptide found in all the…

A: A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.

Q: Notice that a couple of things are different from the previous charts. Firstly, the derived traits…

A: Maximum parsimony method is based upon the principle of minimum number of steps. The correct tree is…

Q: The ancestor of cats was presumably homozygous for wild type at all of the described genes. What…

A: Gene mapping refers to the process of determining the location of genes on chromosomes. It involves…

Q: ny pairs of sister taxa differ markedly in their numbers of extant species. In this chapter we saw…

A: Evolutionary science places a extraordinary deal of emphasis on the assortment of species inside…

Q: In aphids, some female clones have wings and others do not. This is an example of: A) Polyphenism B)…

A: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that belong to the superfamily Aphidoidea, within the order…

Q: How do these similarities and differences relate to the evolutionary relationships between these…

A: The specimens used in the study are a frog, a dog, a hen, and a pig.

Q: According to the phylogenetic tree of beach mice in Figure 2, how would you describe the relatedness…

A: Introduction A phylogenetic tree is an evolutionary tree-like diagram that contains roots, nodes and…

Q: The Cave Bear and the American Giant Short-faced Bear are both extinct. All the other species are…

A: a) It is a chronogram because this evolutionary phylogenetic tree is proportional to time scale.…

Q: What does a cladogram tell us?

A: Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups and sub-groups on the basis of…

Q: Wood Frog Bullfrog Green frog Mink frog Leopard Frog American toad Fowler's toad Spring peeper Gray…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that presents the evolutionary relationship between the organisms.…

Q: Assume the common ancestor was non-venomous, had non-jointed limbs, antennae, and 10 legs. Assume…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic illustration which determines how taxons/ species are closely…

Q: Working as an Anthropologist in South Africa, you’ve been given four hominin craniums and are asked…

A: As an anthropologist in South Africa, we are tasked with the interesting work of classifying four…

Q: The number of possible trees resulting from phylogenetic analysis grows exponentially with the…

A: Biological systematics deals with the diversification of living organisms present today and in the…

Q: how do scientists organize a cladogram?

A: Cladograms are diagrams that show the relationships between different taxonomic groups known as…

Q: In the previous lesson, we have discussed about the components of the phylogenetic tree and their…

A: From the study of phylogenetic tree we can conclude the relationship between different organisms and…

Q: Given the phylogenetic tree shown below, which of the following two species (A-F) most recently…

A: Phylogeny is described as a relationship of organisms that have descended from a common ancestor,…

Q: For the Xenites, consider what appear to be homologies and analogies. Figure out the order of…

A: Evolution is a natural process that includes several changes over many generations in the…

Q: Based on your analysis of the following graph and accompanying cladogram (species have been assigned…

A: A cladogram is a diagram that shows the relationship between species. It shows the evolution of…

Q: How, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo…

A: Introduction : Allometry: It is defined as the relationship between body size and other measurable…

Q: Sample Character Taxon Matrix – Crocodylians (difficulty level: moderate, but tedious) Character…

A: Cladograms(phylogenetic trees) are graphical charts that depict the hypothetical correlations…

Q: How do mechanisms of speciation, such as genetic isolation, reproductive barriers, and ecological…

A: Speciation: the process by which populations of a single species diverge into two or more separate…

Q: earlier hominins H. erectus H. floresiensis H. neanderthalensis H. heidelbergensis H. sapiens

A: Homo neanderthalensis and Homo floresiensis are two extinct hominin species that lived during the…

Q: Working as an Anthropologist in South Africa, you’ve been given four hominin craniums and are asked…

A: In the field of anthropology, the study of hominin fossils and crania provides valuable insights…

Q: d) All organisms share a common genetic code.

A: (a) All vertebrate embryos form pharyngeal pouches. All vertebrate embryos forming pharyngeal…

Q: What do all of the species in this cladogram have in common?

A: A branch like structure which show cladistic relationship between a number of species is known as…

Q: The Manx cat is in the domestic cat group, and the bobcat is in the lynx group. Both have a trait in…

A: The evolution is a change in the genetic makeup (and often, the heritable features) of a population…

Q: Swordtails, platyfish and Poecilia species are incapable of interbreeding with each other but…

A: Biological species defines the ability of two organisms to mate and produce offspring successfully…

Q: Construct a phylogenetic tree with the species and label the traits according to their number (ex.…

A: Given animals are different species of class Mammalia. Their phylogenetic tree is given below:

Q: On the right is a phylogeny depicting the relationship among eight animal species (A to H). Next to…

A: The idea of a phylogenetic tree evolved from an old idea of a ladder-like development of living…

Q: (a) How do you describe the data from the amino acid sequence to anatomical features provided in the…

A: In analyzing evolutionary relationships, the comparison of amino acid sequences provides insights…

Q: Which of the following are true about outgroups? (multiple answers allowed) A) they help identify…

A: Evolution is any alteration in the heritable characteristics of the population. These…

Q: If we compare DNA sequences of related species pairs (human vs. gorilla and D. melanogaster vs. C.…

A: Adaptation is the mechanism in which a population adapts to its surroundings; it is the result of…

Q: A phylogeny of 5 species of birds is shown below with values for three different phenotypic traits…

A: Phylogenetics term is derived from two Greek words- Phylon meaning lineage or race; genesis meaning…

Q: Based on the molecular data, which species is most closely related to humans? A) lemur catta (lemur)…

A: Sequence analysis refers to the computational analysis of DNA, RNA and peptide by comparing their…

Q: Assuming the Denisovans, Neanderthals, and humans were able to interbreed, what does this tell you…

A: Denisovans are group of extinct humans. They first identified based upon DNA sequences from…

Q: From a cladistic perspective, in the phylogenetic tree shown above, the cartilaginous skeleton is…

A: Introduction :- Apomorphy  is a derived trait that is unique to a particular species and all its…

Q: For the first phylogenetic tree, if we assume absolute time is NOT represented, can we say that the…

A: A phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of the relationship between different organisms,…

Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.