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Wood Frog Bullfrog Green frog Mink frog Leopard Frog American toad Fowler's toad Spring peeper Gray tree frog Chorus frog = overlap of two species (both species here) Isotherm of -6.6 °C Historical average yearly temperature 2005 Churchill Newfoundland Figure 1. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the frogs of Ontario alongside a map of North America showing the overlapping distribution of the leopard frog (orange) and the wood frog (purple). Both species of frogs exist in the area in yellow. The red line is the isotherm that delimits an historical mean average temperaturo of 6 °C

Wood Frog Bullfrog Green frog Mink frog Leopard Frog American toad Fowler's toad Spring peeper Gray tree frog Chorus frog = overlap of two species (both species here) Isotherm of -6.6 °C Historical average yearly temperature 2005 Churchill Newfoundland Figure 1. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the frogs of Ontario alongside a map of North America showing the overlapping distribution of the leopard frog (orange) and the wood frog (purple). Both species of frogs exist in the area in yellow. The red line is the isotherm that delimits an historical mean average temperaturo of 6 °C

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Is the following statements consistent with the provided data? 

Answer TRUE if the statement is consistent with the data.
Answer FALSE if the statement is not consistent with the data. 

1. According to the phylogeny toads are monophyletic.

2. According to the phylogeny a group composed of the spring peeper and the chorus frog is monophyletic.

3. If climate change results in less snowpack during the winter months, then wood frog survival will increase.

C Wood Frog Bullfrog 1 Green frog Mink frog Leopard Frog American toad Fowler's toad Spring peeper Chorus frog Gray tree frog = overlap of two species (both species here) Isotherm of -6.6 °C Historical average yearly temperature Churchill Newfoundland Figure 1. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the frogs of Ontario alongside a map of North America showing the overlapping distribution of the leopard frog (orange) and the wood frog (purple). Both species of frogs exist in the area in yellow. The red line is the isotherm that delimits an historical mean average temperature of -6 °C.
Transcribed Image Text:C Wood Frog Bullfrog 1 Green frog Mink frog Leopard Frog American toad Fowler's toad Spring peeper Chorus frog Gray tree frog = overlap of two species (both species here) Isotherm of -6.6 °C Historical average yearly temperature Churchill Newfoundland Figure 1. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the frogs of Ontario alongside a map of North America showing the overlapping distribution of the leopard frog (orange) and the wood frog (purple). Both species of frogs exist in the area in yellow. The red line is the isotherm that delimits an historical mean average temperature of -6 °C.
A study by Costanzo et al. (1993) compared the freeze-tolerant wood frog and the freeze-intolerant leopard frog. Here is the full summary as it appears on the article that was published: SUMMARY Freeze tolerance in the wood frog is promoted by multiple, integrated physiological responses to ice forming within body tissues. By analyzing the freezing responses of the sympatric, but freeze intolerant, leopard frog, we sought clues to the evolution of anuran freeze tolerance. Physiological responses critical to the wood frog's freeze tolerance, such as the synthesis and distribution of the cryoprotectant glucose, protective dehydration of organs, and deferred cardiac failure, were present, but comparatively less pronounced, in leopard frogs. Both species were innately tolerant of hyperglycemia. Glucose supplements did not enhance the freezing viability of leopard frogs, although in vitro tests of cryoprotectant efficacy revealed that glucose and glycerol provided comparable protection to erythrocytes of both species. We conclude that the evolution of freeze tolerance in the wood frog is not only promoted by its desiccation tolerance and the fortuitous biophysical consequences of freezing (e.g., exothermic induction of cardioacceleration and moderation of cooling rate) but also involves a progressive enhancement of fundamental physiological stress responses. Costanzo et al. found the following: 1. Only the wood frog naturally produces a high concentration of glucose. 2. Both species are able to tolerate very high glucose levels in the lab. 3. Experimentally elevating glucose levels in the leopard frog does not make them freeze-tolerant. The concluding paragraph reads: CONCLUSION Some factors promoting frog freeze tolerance, such as the exothermy that induces increased heart rate and moderates cooling rate, are merely fortuitous biophysical effects of freezing. Other attributes, such as high glucose tolerance and cell sensitivity to cryoprotection by glucose, were shared by leopard frogs and thus may exemplify preadaptations to freeze tolerance. The prominent physiological dynamics associated with freezing of wood frogs, such as glucose mobilization and pronounced organ dehydration, may represent fundamental stress responses that were enhanced through natural selection for their current role in promoting freeze tolerance.
Transcribed Image Text:A study by Costanzo et al. (1993) compared the freeze-tolerant wood frog and the freeze-intolerant leopard frog. Here is the full summary as it appears on the article that was published: SUMMARY Freeze tolerance in the wood frog is promoted by multiple, integrated physiological responses to ice forming within body tissues. By analyzing the freezing responses of the sympatric, but freeze intolerant, leopard frog, we sought clues to the evolution of anuran freeze tolerance. Physiological responses critical to the wood frog's freeze tolerance, such as the synthesis and distribution of the cryoprotectant glucose, protective dehydration of organs, and deferred cardiac failure, were present, but comparatively less pronounced, in leopard frogs. Both species were innately tolerant of hyperglycemia. Glucose supplements did not enhance the freezing viability of leopard frogs, although in vitro tests of cryoprotectant efficacy revealed that glucose and glycerol provided comparable protection to erythrocytes of both species. We conclude that the evolution of freeze tolerance in the wood frog is not only promoted by its desiccation tolerance and the fortuitous biophysical consequences of freezing (e.g., exothermic induction of cardioacceleration and moderation of cooling rate) but also involves a progressive enhancement of fundamental physiological stress responses. Costanzo et al. found the following: 1. Only the wood frog naturally produces a high concentration of glucose. 2. Both species are able to tolerate very high glucose levels in the lab. 3. Experimentally elevating glucose levels in the leopard frog does not make them freeze-tolerant. The concluding paragraph reads: CONCLUSION Some factors promoting frog freeze tolerance, such as the exothermy that induces increased heart rate and moderates cooling rate, are merely fortuitous biophysical effects of freezing. Other attributes, such as high glucose tolerance and cell sensitivity to cryoprotection by glucose, were shared by leopard frogs and thus may exemplify preadaptations to freeze tolerance. The prominent physiological dynamics associated with freezing of wood frogs, such as glucose mobilization and pronounced organ dehydration, may represent fundamental stress responses that were enhanced through natural selection for their current role in promoting freeze tolerance.
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