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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
Based on cross 3 how why the father has the homozygous dominant (RR) and the mother heterozygous dominant (Rr)
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- For number 15-24. In man, assume that spotted skin (S) is dominant over non-spotted skin (s) and that wooly hair (W) is dominant over non-wooly hair (w). Cross a heterozygous parent (SsWw) with a heterozygous parent (Ssww) Give genotypic and phenotypic ratios of offspring. 15-18. What is the probability of producing spotted skin with non-wooly hair? 8/16 4/16 3/16 6/16 8/16 A. B. C. D. E. 19-21. What is the probability of producing non-spotted skin with non-wooly hair? A 2/16 B. 4/16 C. 1/16 D. 6/16 22-24. What is the probability of producing non-spotted skin with wooly hair? A 3/16 В. 4/16 с. 1/16 D. 9/16 E. 8/16Variations on a Theme by Mendel Pea plants usually have white or red flowers. A strange pea-plant variant is found that has pink flowers. A selfcross of this plant yields the following phenotypes: 30 red flowers 62 pink flowers 33 white flowers What are the genotypes of the parents? What is the genotype of the progeny with red flowers?More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handed
- Analysis of X-Linked Dominant and Recessive Traits A young boy is color-blind. His one brother and five sisters are not. The boy has three maternal uncles and four maternal aunts. None of his uncles children or grandchildren is color-blind. One of the maternal aunts married a color-blind man, and half of her children, both male and female, are color-blind. The other aunts married men who have normal color vision. All their daughters have normal vision, but half of their sons are color-blind. a. Which of the boys four grandparents transmitted the gene for color blindness? b. Are any of the boys aunts or uncles color-blind? c. Is either of the boys parents color-blind?Mendel performs a cross using a true-breeding pea plant with round, yellow seeds and a true- breeding pea plant with green, wrinkled seeds. What is the probability that offspring will have green, round seeds? Calculate the probability for the F1 and F2 generations.More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Consider the following cross in pea plants, in which smooth pea shape is dominant to wrinkled, and yellow pea color is dominant to green. A plant with smooth yellow peas is crossed to a plant with wrinkled green peas. The offspring produced peas that were all smooth and yellow. What are the genotypes of the parents? What are the genotypes of the offspring?
- Classical Mendelian Genetics, Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, and Multiple Alleles 1. Complete the table given below regarding the phenotype and genotype ratios in completely dominant traits. R and r represent the dominant and recessive allele, respectively. Type of Cross rrx rr RR x rr Rrx rr Rrx Rr Genotype Ratio Phenotype Ratio RR x Rr RR X RR *How would the genotype ratios be affected if the mode o inheritance in incomplete dominance? Codominance? 2. In dogs, barer trait is controlled by a dominant gene D and the silent trait by the recessive gene d. Normal tail is dependent on a dominant gene M and the screw m. Give the probable genotypes of the parents in the following crosses: Phenotype of parents Phenotypes of progeny Genotypes of parents Barker Barker Silent Silent normal screw normal normal a. silent normal x silent normal b. barker normal x silent normal 0 0 6 2 7 2 8 3 c. barker normal x silent screw 4 5 5 3 d. barker screw x silent normal 6 0 0 0 e. barker screw x…Test Crosses: Determining Unknown Genotypes 3. Coat color in Labradors is caused by two different alleles of a color gene. The dominant allele, B, generates black fur, while the recessive allele, b, generates brown fur. Your neighbor has a black Labrador and is interested in understanding how to determine if his dog is homozygous or heterozygous for the black coat color genotype. Answer the following questions to determine how a test cross could help your neighbor discover his dog's genotype. a. What are the possible genotypes of your neighbor's Labrador? b. In a test cross, why is the organism of unknown genotype crossed to a homozygous recessive individual? Assign the possible paternal gametes of the unknown Labrador to the vertical axis in each of the Punnett squares at right. Assign the gametes of the homozygous recessive dog to the horizontal axes in each of the Punnett squares. c. What are the expected genotypes and phenotypes of the puppies that will result from the test cross…From DNA to Protein and Inheritance Co-Dominance: In co-dominance, the heterozygous individual exhibits the phenotype for both alleles. We used the ABO blood groups as an example of co-dominance. 8. What potential blood types can be present in the offspring if two type "O" mate with one another? (alams 1) Ilgq xal Ligg 9. What are the potential blood types present in the offspring if two parents with type A blood mate with each other? parents 10. What are the potential blood types for offspring that are produced by a parent that is A+ and one that is AB-? Sgningatlo odi nol om sig gonda borooqxs Post-Lab Questions 1. In the human species, polydactyly (the
- linked conditions from their mothers via Activity 3 Working Out Crosses Involving Sex-Linked Inheritance 1. A heterozygous woman carrying the recessive gene for red-green color blindness marries a man who is red-green color-blind. Assume the dominant gene is X (allele for normal color vision) and the recessive gene is X (determines red- green color blindness). The mother's genotype is XX, and the father's X^Y. Do a Punnett square to determine the answers to the following questions. According to the laws of probability, what percentage of all their children will be red-green color-blind? What is the percentage of red-green color-blind individuals by sex? % males; % females What percentage of all children will be carriers? What is the sex of the carriers? 2. A heterozygous woman carrying the recessive gene forIncomplete Dominance 1. In snapdragons, red flower color (R) is incompletely dominant over white flower color (r). The hybrids or heterozygous plants (Rr) are pink in color. a) Show the genotype for a white flower and for a red flower. b) If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 generation plants? Show your work. c) What genotypes and phenotypes will be produced in the F2 generation? Show your work? the the o doa A t r th s beirs ard the phenorypic and wo ran aials pring fro d) How did the genotypic and phenotypic ratio compare to each other in this incomplete dominance cross? gonarypi and e) What would the phenotypic ratio have been if this had been complete dominance?O e. Parent 2: Parent 1: Parent 2: ¡Ai QUESTION 9 Bi QUESTION 8 Let's assume that, in dragons, red scales (B) are dominant to green scales (b), and long tongues (S) are dominant to short tongues (s). The genes that determine these characteristics assort independently. A homozygous red, long-tongued dragon is crossed with a homozygous green, short-tongued dragon. If an F1 dragon is crossed to a homozygous green and homozygous short-tongued dragon, what phenotypes and proportions are expected in the offspring? O a. 100% green and long-tongued O b. ½ green and short-tongued & ½ red and long-tongued O c. ½ red and short-tongued & ½ green and long-tongued O d.% red and long-tongued, % red and short-tongued, ½ green and long-tongued, % green and short-tongued O e. 9/16 red, long-tongued, 3/16 green, long-tongued, 3/16 red, short-tongued, 1/16 green, short-tongued Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. 000 MacBook Air
