**Background and Problem N° 1****Objective:** To explore chromosome number in living organisms and apply the definitions of ploidy:- Diploid = 2n- Haploid = n (as in 2n → [4n] → n + n + n + n)- Monoploid = n- Polyploid = 3n, 4n, 5, 6n, ...**Images:**- *Draparnaldia plumosa*- *Draparnaldia acuta***Problem:** Nuclei in somatic cells of the freshwater alga *Draparnaldia plumosa* have 13 chromosomes. In the closely related species *Draparnaldia acuta*, nuclei in somatic cells have 26 chromosomes. The following is correct:a. Gametes of *Draparnaldia acuta* should contain 13 chromosomes.b. *Draparnaldia plumosa* zygotes contain 26 chromosomes; meiosis should occur after fertilization.c. *Draparnaldia acuta* is a diploid organism; the expected n number for its haploid gametes is 13.d. *Draparnaldia plumosa* is a monoploid organism with n = 13.e. All of the above---**Background and Problem N° 2****Objective:** To explore the concept of species in sexually reproducing organisms from the perspective of hybridization.1 pg = 10^-12 gFor some scientists, the concept of biological species focuses on the inability of organisms from distinctly different species to successfully hybridize or, if they do, the progeny is sterile (e.g., lion + tiger = liger or tion, horse + donkey = mule or hinny).**Problem:** Somatic cells of the horse (*Equus caballus*) have 32 pairs of chromosomes, whereas the cells of the donkey (*Equus asinus*) have 31 pairs of chromosomes.How many chromosomes would be expected in the somatic cells of a hybrid mule? Explain your answer.---**Background and Problem N° 3****Objective:** Correlate the amount of DNA with chromosome numbers in mitosis and meiosis.**Diagram:** Cell Cycle- G1 Phase- S Phase- G2 Phase- Mitosis- Cytokinesis**Problem **Background****Objective:** To use pedigrees in a case of an inherited disease in humans in order to determine the type of genetic inheritance.According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), “a pedigree is an illustration of family history and it shows relationships between family members and patterns of inheritance for certain traits and diseases.”Pedigrees use standard symbols and conventions: - ◯ female- □ male- ● affected female- ■ affected male- ◧ proband (a.k.a. consultant, the subject of genetic studies)Leftmost Roman numerals indicate the generation considered in the pedigree, while Arabic numerals per row indicate individuals in that particular generation, regardless of what nuclear family they are in. Combinations of Roman and Arabic numerals designate a certain individual in a particular generation (e.g., an affected female III-2 and unaffected male I-3).- **Homozygous:** two identical alleles in both homologous chromosomes, AA, or aa.- **Heterozygous:** different alleles on the homologous chromosomes, Aa.- **Hemizygous:** one allele is present in one chromosome but not in the other. This can happen in sex-chromosomes, X^Y^S^, X^H^.---**Problem N° 4****Pedigree Diagram:**- Three generations are depicted.- Squares represent males and circles represent females.- Shaded symbols indicate affected individuals (with myopia).**Analyze the pedigree for myopia (nearsightedness) in a human family, depicted above.****Question:** What type of genetic inheritance is observed in this family for myopia?Here are a few pointers:- Is there a hemizygous allele, linked to the Y chromosome? ☐ Yes ☒ No- Is it a hemizygous allele linked to the X chromosome? ☐ Yes ☒ No- Is it a recessive or dominant autosomal trait? ☐ Recessive ☐ DominantAssuming that myopia is determined by a single allele, use the symbols M, m and assign genotypes to all individuals on the pedigree above.**Which individuals’ genotypes would help in distinguishing what kind of inheritance for this trait is in play here and why?** Remember that individuals are designated with the generation (Roman numeral) and the individual number (Arabic numeral), for example, I4,

There are multiple choice question related to genetics.

Background Problem N° 1 Objective: To explore chromosome number in living organisms and apply the definitions of ploidy: Diploid = 2n Haploid = n (as in 2n → [4n] → n+n+n+n) Monoploid = n Draparnaldia plumosa Draparnaldia acuta Polyploid = 3n, 4n, 5, 6n, - Nuclei in somatic cells of the freshwater alga Draparnaldia plumosa have 13 chromosomes. In the closely related species Draparnaldia acuta, nuclei in somatic cells have 26 chromosomes. The following is correct: a. Gametes of Draparnaldia acuta should contain 13 chromosomes. b. Droparnaldia plumosa zygotes contain 26 chromosomes; meiosis should occur after fertilization. c Draparnaldia acuta is a diploid organism; the expected n number for its haploid gametes is 13. d. Draparnaldia plumosa is a monoploid organism with n = 13. e. All of the above

Background Problem N° 1 Objective: To explore chromosome number in living organisms and apply the definitions of ploidy: Diploid = 2n Haploid = n (as in 2n → [4n] → n+n+n+n) Monoploid = n Draparnaldia plumosa Draparnaldia acuta Polyploid = 3n, 4n, 5, 6n, - Nuclei in somatic cells of the freshwater alga Draparnaldia plumosa have 13 chromosomes. In the closely related species Draparnaldia acuta, nuclei in somatic cells have 26 chromosomes. The following is correct: a. Gametes of Draparnaldia acuta should contain 13 chromosomes. b. Droparnaldia plumosa zygotes contain 26 chromosomes; meiosis should occur after fertilization. c Draparnaldia acuta is a diploid organism; the expected n number for its haploid gametes is 13. d. Draparnaldia plumosa is a monoploid organism with n = 13. e. All of the above

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter14: Chromosomes And Human Inheritance

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 12SQ

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Assume a pericentric inversion occurred in one of two homologs prior to meiosis. The other homolog remains normal. During meiosis, what structure—it any—would these homologs assume in order to pair accurately along their lengths? V formation cruciform loop pairing would not be possible
Analyzing Karyotypes 1. Originally, karyotypic analysis relied only on size and centromere placement to identify chromosomes. Because many chromosomes are similar in size and centromere placement, the identification of individual chromosomes was difficult, and chromosomes were placed into eight groups, identified by the letters A to G. Today, each human chromosome can be readily identified. a. What technical advances led to this improvement in chromosome identification? b. List two ways this improvement can be implemented. c. What clinical information does a karyotype provide?
Figure 7.2 If a mutation occurs so that a fungus is no longer able to produce a minus mating type, will it still be able to reproduce? Figure 7.2 (a) In animals, sexually reproducing adults form haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. (b) Fungi, such as black bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant life cycles. (c) Plants have a life cycle that alternates between a multicellular haploid organism and a multicellular diploid organism. (credit c fern: modification of work by Cory Zanker; credit c gametophyte: modification of work by Vlmastra/Wikimedia Commons)
We are following the progress of human chromosome 1 during meiosis. At the end of prophase I, how many chromosomes, chromatids, and centromeres are present to ensure that chromosome 1 faithfully traverses meiosis?
Using diagrams, illustrate how nondisjunction can result in an aneuploid zygote.
Discuss Concepts One of the human chromosome pairs carries a gene that influences eye color. In an individual human, one chromosome of this pair has an allele of this gene that contributes to the formation of blue eyes. The other chromosome of the pair has an allele that contributes to brown eye color (other genes also influence eye color in humans). After meiosis in the cells of this individual, what fraction of the nuclei will carry the allele that contributes to blue eyes? To brown eyes?
Human females have two X chromosomes (XX); males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). a. With respect to X chromosome alleles, how many different types of gametes can a male produce? b. If a female is homozygous for an allele on an X chromosome, how many types of gametes can she produce with respect to that allele? c. If a female is heterozygous for an X chromosome allele, how many types or gametes can she produce with respect to that allele?
VISUALIZE Sketch a series of diagrams showing each of the following, making sure to end each series with haploid cells: (a)How a pair of alleles for a single locus segregate in meiosis (b)How the alleles of two unlinked loci assort independently in meiosis (c)How the alleles of two linked loci undergo genetic recombination
Which of the following situations does not follow the Law of Independent Assortment? A blond man and a brunette woman produce three offspring over time, all of who have blond hair A white cow crossed with a brown bull produces roan cattle Mating a hog with a sow produces six female piglets Men are more likely to experience hemophilia than women.
Assuming no gene linkage, in a dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb with AaBb F1 heterozygotes, what is the ratio of the F1 gametes (AB, aB, Ab, ab) that will give rise to the F2 offspring? a. 1:1:1:1 b. 1:3:3:1 c. 1:2:2:1 d. 4:3:3:1
How do telophase I and telophase II differ during meiosis in animal cells? Cells remain diploid at the end of telophase I, but are haploid at the end of telophase II Daughter cells form a cell plate to divide during telophase I. but divide by cytokinesis during telophase II. Cells enter interphase after telophase I, but not after telophase II Chromosomes can remain condensed at the end of telophase k but decondense after telophase II.
Which of the following codes describes position 12 on the long arm of chromosome 13? 13p12 13q12 12p13 12q13