Assume that two individuals A and B have initial endowment of USD. 1000 each. They want to decide on building a public toilet that costs USD. 100. If the toilet is constructed each receives a benefit equal to USD 60. If both share cost, they pay 50 and gain 10. What would be the dominant strategy and what would each individual gain or loss i.
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- Budweiser Medium High 90, 70 60, 50 Low 120, 90 100, 70 Low 115, 100 Miller Medium 130, 60 High 90, 20 120, 40 100, 80 Numbers in each cell are profits from the size of an advertising budget- Miller first (in bold), then Budweiser. Two beer companies face the payoff table above for choosing an advertising budget. Does this decision problem have a Nash equilibrium? If so, what is it? Select one: O a. Yes. Low for Miller , Low for Budweiser. O b. No. There is no Nash equilibrium. O c. Yes. Low for Miller, Medium for Budweiser. O d. Yes. High for Miller, High for Budweiser.Assume that we have an entry situation like that in the Judo Economics example. There is an incumbent firm (I) and a new entrant (E). Now we will look at the outcome if the entrant is at a disadvantage. The incumbent has constant marginal costs of production of $100, while marginal costs for the entrant are $120 per unit. There are 100 identical buyers who are willing to pay $200 for the incumbent’s product, but only $160 to buy from the entrant. Any consumer can buy from the incumbent, but only those targeted by the entrant can buy from the entrant. Those consumers targeted by the entrant can choose to buy from the incumbent or the entrant and will choose the lowest price (with the incumbent winning ties). At the first move of the game the entrant decides how many consumers (N) to target and sets a single price (P) to those targeted consumers. The incumbent then sets a single price for all 100 consumers, deciding to defend the market or accommodate the new entrant. Consumers then…The payoff matrix of economic profits, below, displays the possible outcomes for Coles (C) and Woolworth (W) who are involved in a game of whether to implement or not implement new warehouse technologies. The payoffs in dollars are indicated in the matrix below, and the companies are unable to communicate with each other. Coles (C) Implement Not Implement C: $30 million C: $10 million Implement W: $30 million W: $30 million Woolworth (W) C: $20 million C: $10 million Not Implement W: $10 million W: $20 million (a) With reference to the payoff matrix, work out whether each company has a dominant strategy and what that dominant strategy is, if it exists. (b) Explain with reference to the above scenario, what the Nash Equilibrium is, if there is any? (c) Is this a Prisoner's dilemma game? Explain why or why not.
- Starbucks and Krispy Kreme are trying to decide whether or not to open a shop in the new Mall of Africa. They both prefer if the other firm opens a shop because they can draw bigger crowds but neither wants to be the only American-branded coffee shop in the Mall. The payoff matrix for this dilemma is below. Krispy Kreme Open Don't Open Starbucks Open (i) (ii) 5,5 2,6 Don't open (iii) (iii) 6,2 3,3 MCQ question 4 Find the Nash Equilibrium (Starbucks, Krispy Kreme) for the payoff matrix when the game is played simultaneously. A. (5:5) only. B. (6,2) only. C. (2,6) only. D. (3,3) only E. There is no stable Nash Equilibrium. MCQ question 5 Suppose that Starbucks goes first in choosing to open or not to open. What is the outcome for this game? A. (5:5) only. B. (6,2) only. C. (2,6) only. D. (3,3) only E. There is no stable Nash Equilibrium.Two rival companies competing in the same market need to decide their plans for future expansion of their stores. The Table below shows the possible outcomes of their mutually interdependent actions (payoffs are profits in £m) Giga Company Titanic Conglomerate No Change Refurbishment of existing stores Large Expansion No Change 30, 40 25, 35 15, 24 Refurbishment of existing stores 35, 30 28, 32 18, 33 Large Expansion 12, 22 18, 20 20, 25 The Nash equilibrium: (A) does not exist. (B) occurs when both firms choose Refurbishment of existing stores. (C) occurs when both firms choose Large Expansion. (D) occurs when both firms choose No Change.Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoner’s dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can choose whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two countries. a. In Table, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.
- 2. Consider the following two-player game with two players: Adam and Eve. Adam A1 A2 A3 A4 E1 6,3 5, 3 5, 0 2,0 E2 4,4 5, 4 3, 2 2, 3 Eve E3 4, 1 0,2 6, 1 3, 4 E4 3,0 5, 1 4,0 6₂ 1 a. Find the Iterated Elimination of Dominant Strategies Equilibrium for this game. Explain.There are two adjacent coal fields A and B. Under the fields is a common pool of coal worth $12 million. Drilling to extract the coal costs $1 million. If each company drills, each will get half the coal and each will earn a $5 million profit. Either company could drill a second time. If one company has two of the three wells drilled, that company gets two-thirds of the coal, yielding a profit of $6 million, and the other company gets one-third of the coal, for a profit of $3 million. If both companies drill a second well, the companies again split the coal, and each earn a profit of $4 million. What is company A's dominant strategy? Should it drill one well, two wells, or is there no dominant strategy? What is company B's dominant strategy? Should it drill one well, two wells, or is there no dominant strategy? What is the Nash equilibrium?2) Two firms, X and Y, are planning to market their new products. Each firm can develop either TV or Laptop. Market research indicates that the resulting profits to each firm for the alternative strategies are given by the following payoff matrix: FIRM Y TV LAPTOP FIRM X TV 30, 30 60, 35 LAPTOP 40,70 20, 20 A) If both firms make their decisions at the same time and follow maximin (low-risk) strategies, what will the outcome be? B) Suppose both firms try to maximize profits, but Firm X has a head start in planning, and can commit first. Now what will the outcome be? What will the outcome be if Firm Y has a head start in planning and can commit first? C) What is the cooperative outcome? D) Which firm benefits most from the cooperative outcome? How much would that firm need to offer the other?
- Which of the following best describes a dominant strategy? Question 4Answer a. The strategy that a player chooses depends on what the other player does b. The strategy that a player chooses minimizes the other player's payoff c. The strategy that a player chooses is independent of what the other player does d. The strategy that a player chooses maximizes joint payoffs for both playersProblem 1. Alice and Bob sell used CDs at music festivals. Each is deciding whether or not to set up their booth at the last festival of the summer. The festival is scheduled to take place in Alton, very near where Alice lives. It will cost her only $30 to travel the festival. Bob is farther away, and it will cost her $100 to travel to Alton. Both Alice and Bob would prefer to be only CD sellers at the festival, since they would avoid competition. If only one seller is at the festival, she will make $150 during the day (not counting travel costs). If both Bob and Alice sell CDs at the festival, they will lower their prices and each make $50 during the day. Both Alice and Bob receive $0 for not attending the festival. 1. Draw the Normal Form of the game Alice and Bob are playing, be sure to label the game completely. 2. Does either player have a dominant strategy? If so, what is it? 3. List all pure strategy Nash equilibria for this game. Remember that a Nash equilibrium is a strategy…