As shown in the image, the axis of Earth makes a 23.5∘23.5∘ angle with a direction perpendicular to the plane of Earth’s orbit. This axis precesses, making one complete rotation in 25,780 years. The Earth has a mass of 5.972×1024kg5.972×1024kg and a radius of 6.378×106m6.378×106m. a. Calculate the spin angular momentum of the Earth in units of kilogram meter squared per second. b. Calculate the magnitude of the change in angular momentum in units of kilogram meter per second in half this time. c. What is the average torque producing this change in angular momentum?

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Central Force

Central force is the force that acts along the center of mass of one body to the center of mass of another body. Its direction from or away from a point on a body to another is called the center of the force. Such forces include gravitational force between two massive objects or electrostatic forces between two charged particles. So from atoms to planets, the central forces play an important role in shaping our daily lives. One of the remarkable features of central forces is that they are conservative, i.e. the total energy of a central force system can always be expressed as a gradient of a potential energy function.