Answer the following questions: a. Is glucose normally present in urine? In what condition can it be detected in urine? b. In the presence of positive result in Fehling's and Benedict's tests, how would you eliminate the reducing effect of uric acid and creatinine?
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- If a patient collects a 24 hour urine specimen with a volume of 1500 mL, and the patient's serum Creatinine is 5 mg/dl, and the urine creatinine is 100 mg/dl, then what is the creatinine clearance in ml/min?A 44-year-old woman was experiencing headaches and fatigue. The consultingphysician recommended testing glucose and electrolytes. The results are attached in the picture below: (a) What is the difference between serum and plasma? (b) Describe the results (c) Plasma glucose levels lower than 20 mg/dl can be fatal. As the patient’s resultsdid not match with her clinical presentation, the consulting biochemist decidedto investigate this test, and found that the glucose analyser was giving theresults in mM, but the lab assistant had assumed the results were in mg/dl. Isthis error pre-analytical, analytical or post-analytical? (d) 1 mM glucose = 18 mg/dL glucose. What is the patient’s fasting plasmaglucose in mg/dL, and is it within the normal range? (e) Describe possible consequences of this error.A uremic patient has a urine output of 1.8 L/24 h and an average creatinine concentration of 2.2 mg/dL. What is the creatinine clearance? How would you adjust the dose of a drug normally given at 20 mg/kg every 6 hours in this patient (assume the urine creatinine concentration is 0.1 mg/mL and creatinine clearance is 100 mL/min)?
- Answer the following questions: Describe how each of the following may interfere with the Biuret method of serum total protein determination. a.) Bilirubin b.) Hemoglobin c.) Ammonia Discuss how various disease states may cause an increase or a decrease in serum total protein. Discuss the different methods of protein separation.What is the clinical significance of the presence of glucose in the urine?A creatinine clearance is done on a patient with the following results: serum creatinine, 0.6 mg/dL; urine creatinine, 102 mg/dL; urine volume, 1650 mL/24 hours; body surface area, 1.93 m2. Based on the information from calculations above, which of the following is the best interpretation of this patient's creatinine clearance results? 1) Within the normal range 2) Above normal, probably because the 24-hr urine collection was not completed correctly 3) Above normal 4) Below normal no references, just homework
- The presence of compounds in urine, depending on the level or range, are indications of underlying disorders. Using glucose as an example, what does the presence of this compound in the urine indicate? And after seeing this compound consecutively in the result, what would be the best course of action to take?A steady increase in the excretion of sodium and chlorine ions causes the insufficiency of one hormone. What is the name of this hormone? Describe manifestations which appear at insufficiency or redundancy of these ions. Explain. 2. The patient was diagnosed with hypernatremia, hypokalemia, increased osmotic blood pressure, edema. a) What pathology occurs in the patient? b) Violation of the secretion of which hormone is observed in this pathology? Name its chemical nature c) Specify the mechanism of action of the hormoneJoey complained to his physician that he was constantly thirsty, hungry, and had to urinate frequently. His physician ordered a blood and urine test. The results of his urinalysis showed the following abnormal values: pH: 3.5 glucose: 250 mg/100 mL ketones: 10 gm/100 mL albumin: 30 mg/100 mL specific gravity: 1.045 Given Joey’s symptoms and urinalysis results, what do you predict is his diagnosis? Explain and provide reasoning
- Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)What is the significance of abnormality of high concentration of uric acid in the urine?