Answer numbers 1 and 2 1. Which of the following best describes the chemical composition of lipids? a. It is composed mostly of hydrocarbons and soluble in non-polar organic solvents. b. It is either an aldehyde or ketone, and has more than one hydroxyl group. c. It is composed of amino group and carboxylic group bonded to a carbon skeleton. d. It is composed of a nitrogen base linked to a phosphorylated sugar. 2. Enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the presence of vitamin B12. In patients with B12 deficiency, methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels will accumulate, as it cannot be converted to succinyl-CoA. It is hypothesized that elevated levels of MMA, along with elevated levels of homocysteine, contribute to myelin damage, accounting for the neurologic deficits, such as neuropathy and ataxia, seen in these patients. Under conditions of vitamin B12 deficiency, when methylmalonyl-CoA mutase may lack vitamin B12, the enzyme would be referred to as the _. a. apoenzyme b. cofactor c. coenzyme d. holoenzyme e. isoenzymes
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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