An investigator is interested in estimating the incidence rate of prostate cancer in the state of Louisiana. Men who have had radical prostatectomies due to findings from a previous biopsy have had their prostate removed and thus are not at risk for prostate cancer. If the investigator incorrectly failed to exclude men with radical prostatectomies from the study population, how would the observed incidence rate compare to the true incidence rate? Explain.

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