An artificial heart works in closed loop by varying its pumping rate according to changes in signals from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback compensation design it is important to know the heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a calf while the main parts of the original heart are left
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- The entry of calcium into a ventricular muscle cell helps to maintain depolarization of the membrane during the plateau phase of the action potential, but this calcium also performs what other function?Describe the interactions of actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin complex in controlling heart function.Discuss why the heart is called a double pump and compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
- What action potential of specialized heart cells know the function of each channel and the process?Frank-Starling law of the heart states: if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will decrease the force of contraction a greater end diastolic volume will produce a weaker contraction of the ventricle by increasing the force of ventricular contraction you will increase the end systolic volume if you increase the stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers you will increase the force of contraction.KEY Stimulus Medullary cardiovascular control center Sensory receptor Integrating center Efferent path Effector Change in blood pressure Parasympathetic Carotid and aortic baroreceptors neurons Sympathetic neurons SA node Ventricles Veins Arterioles Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. In the diagram above, describe the role of the integrating center and two of the effectors. 2. What will atherosclerosis do to the peripheral resistance? 3. What will atherosclerosis do to the heart rate
- Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction? The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system. Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels. Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.As we auscultate the heart it is imperative, we understand what part of the heart we are listening to. Cellular senescence is observed when there is obstruction of the coronary circulation to the muscle tissue of the heart. If the left anterior descending artery (a.k.a. “Widow maker”) is occluded, predict an alternative route of blood flow to the myocardium. Start from the left coronary artery.The Greek anatomist Erasistratus, originally from Ceos, identified the correct function of the right atrioventricular valve of the human heart, which was to prevent backward flow of blood from: the right ventricle to the right atrium the right ventricle to the left ventricle the right ventricle to the left atrium the left ventricle to the right ventricle
- Explain why the heart is called a double pump. Briefly describe the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems.Increased contractility of the heart results in all of the following EXCEPT (A) increased stroke volume (B) increased force of contraction (C) increased end-systolic volume (D) increased venous returnThe rapid depolarization phase of heart pacemaker cells is caused by which of the following? movement of Na+ through funny channels movement of Ca++ through L-type channels movement of Na+ and Ca++ through funny channels movement of K+ through funny channels all of the above