Consider the basic setup of the Diamond-Dybvig (1983) model. Specifically, there are three periods, denoted t = 0, 1, 2, a single consumption good, and an illiquid investment opportunity that pays gross return 1 if liquidated at t = 1, or gross return 2.2 if liquidated at t = 2. There are 500 people in the economy, each endowed with 1 unit of the consumption good at t = 0. At t = 1, exactly 200 will randomly realize that they need to consume at t = 1 (the early consumers), the remaining 300 people will need to consume at t = 2 (the late consumers). The utility derived from consumption is 1 − (1/c1) 2 for early consumers, 1−(1/c2) 2 for late consumers, where the subscript denotes the time of consumption. Suppose a bank can offer an asset that is more liquid, with gross returns Rd 1 = 1.33 and Rd 2 = 1.71 (depending on the time of liquidation). (i) Calculate the bank’s profit after t = 2. In other words, what amount of funds remains at the bank once all depositors have withdrawn? Now the bank offers a different asset instead, one that pays the same return, Rd , to all depositors (i.e., regardless of the time of liquidation). (vi) What is the highest gross return Rd that the bank can offer all depositors? (ii) Now suppose the late consumers pretend to be impatient and withdraw early. How many people can be paid before the bank runs out of funds?
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is a cost accounting method that analyses the effect of fluctuating cost and volume on the operating profit. Also known as break-even analysis, CVP determines the break-even point for varying volumes of sales and cost structures. This information helps the managers make economic decisions on a short-term basis. CVP analysis is based on many assumptions. Sales price, variable costs, and fixed costs per unit are assumed to be constant. The analysis also assumes that all units produced are sold and costs get impacted due to changes in activities. All costs incurred by the company like administrative, manufacturing, and selling costs are identified as either fixed or variable.
Marginal Costing
Marginal cost is defined as the change in the total cost which takes place when one additional unit of a product is manufactured. The marginal cost is influenced only by the variations which generally occur in the variable costs because the fixed costs remain the same irrespective of the output produced. The concept of marginal cost is used for product pricing when the customers want the lowest possible price for a certain number of orders. There is no accounting entry for marginal cost and it is only used by the management for taking effective decisions.
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