1. According to Calhoun, in what cases could states nullify federal laws?2. Why was the Tariff of 1828 unpopular? **Andrew Jackson’s Presidency: Nullification Crisis****Context:** The crisis over the *Tariff of 1828* continued into the 1830s and highlighted one of the currents of democracy in the *Age of Jackson*: namely, that many southerners believed a Jacksonian democratic majority could be harmful to their interests. Jackson believed in enforcing a strong central government, and southerners claimed the right of states to nullify federal laws that appeared to threaten state sovereignty.The *Tariff of 1828* (nicknamed Tariff of Abominations) had driven Vice President Calhoun to argue that if a national majority acted against the interest of a regional minority, then individual states could void—or nullify—federal law. By the early 1830s, the battle over the tariff took on new urgency as the price of cotton continued to fall. In 1818, cotton had been thirty-one cents per pound. By 1831, it had sunk to eight cents per pound. While production of cotton had soared during this time and increased contributed to the decline in prices, many southerners blamed their economic problems squarely on the tariff for raising the prices they had to pay for imported goods while their own income shrank.**Diagram Explanation:**The image is a political cartoon titled "Nullification Crisis: Title Bout – Jackson vs Calhoun." It depicts a boxing ring with two figures representing Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun in boxing poses, symbolizing the conflict over the nullification crisis. Jackson is associated with federal authority, while Calhoun is aligned with state rights. The cartoon portrays the tension between federal and state powers during this period. A referee labeled "Force Bill" stands between the two figures, emphasizing the conflict over federal law enforcement.

"Since you have posted multiple questions, we will provide the solution only to the first question as per our Q&A guidelines. Please repost the remaining questions separately." The Tariff of 1828 or the Tariff of Abomination was a tax system that was imposed on manufactured goods. After the War of 1812, there were several taxes imposed on American goods that were manufactured in the US. This was done so as to protect the American goods compared to the British manufactured goods that were cheaper in price. 1. In 1828, it was Andrew Jackson was the president of the US, and the American citizens had expectations from him. They thought that Jackson would address the tariff problem but he did not look into this issue. This failure led a tension between both the President (Jackson) and the Vice-President (Calhoun). This is when Calhoun declared the Federal law as "nullified". According to Calhoun, the federal government was itself derived from the permission of state governments. Therefore, the state governments have the right to call any federal law null and void if it finds it to be unconstitutional. He believed that the Consitution should encourage foreign competition instead of discouraging it. However, the former president - John Quincy Adams gave a strong argument that it was only the Supreme Court that held the authority to nullify any federal law instead of the states.

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According to Calhoun, in what cases could states nullify federal laws? 2. Why was the Tariff of 1828 unpopular?